Phytochemicals are a non-nutritive substances that are present in plants and contribute significantly to their flavor and color. These biologically active compounds are classified into five major groups, namely phenolics, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alkaloids, and are known for their potential health benefits in the prevention of various diseases, including cancer. The purpose of this review article is to explore the potential therapeutic benefits of the dietary phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, carotenoids, and stilbenes, in cancer treatment and prevention based on the epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Although the majority of epidemiological studies report a significant advantage of the heightened phytochemical consumption and increased serum levels of these compounds, linking increased exposure with a lower cancer risk across most cancer types, these effects could not be replicated in the most available clinical trials. In fact, many of these trials were withdrawn early due to a lack of evidence and/or risk of harm. Despite the strong anticancer effect of phytochemicals, as well as their proven efficacy in multiple epidemiological studies, there is still a great need for human studies and clinical trials, with great caution regarding the safety measures. This review article provides an overview of the epidemiological and clinical evidence supporting the potential chemopreventive and anticancer properties of phytochemicals, with a focus on the need for further research in this area.
Znaczący odsetek osób z populacji powyżej 75 roku życia doświadcza epizodu dużej depresji. Objawy depresji, demonstrowane przez pacjentów w wieku podeszłym, są często traktowane jako naturalny element procesu starzenia się, przez co wielu pacjentów w wieku podeszłym pozostaje niezdiagnozowanych, bądź jest zdiagnozowana nietrafnie. Postuluje się, że stosowanie diety śródziemnomorskiej może przeciwdziałać rozwojowi depresji oraz łagodzić objawy depresyjne między innymi ze względu na przeciwzapalne właściwości takiego sposobu odżywiania się. Celem niniejszego przeglądu systematycznego było oszacowanie czy stopień adherencji do diety śródziemnomorskiej ma związek z występowaniem i nasileniem objawów depresyjnych u osób powyżej 65 roku życia. Ze względu na niejednorodną metodologię włączonych badań, przedstawiony przegląd jest przeglądem narracyjnym. Do przeglądu włączono 9 badań spośród 317 wyekstrachowanych artykułów. We wszystkich badaniach z wyjątkiem jednego stwierdzono, że stosowanie diety śródziemnomorskiej jest związane z niższą częstością występowania objawów depresyjnych. Dieta śródziemnomorska ze względu na wysoką zawartość antyoksydantów i składników działających przeciwzapalnie jest uznawana za najzdrowszy sposób odżywiania się i stanowi jeden z najczęściej badanych modeli żywieniowych
Anorexia of aging is a common problem in older adults. Depending on the setting, its prevalence varies from about 10% (among community-dwelling older adults) to over 30% in acute wards and nursing homes. The objective of this systematic review was to establish the prevalence of poor appetite in frail persons ≥60 years of age. We performed a literature search for studies where the prevalence of anorexia of aging among frail and pre-frail old adults was reported. 957 articles on this topic were identified. After eligibility assessment, three articles were included in the review. The studies included 4657 community-dwelling older adults. The weighted total prevalence of anorexia of aging in all the included studies was 11.3%. Among frail and pre-frail participants, loss of appetite was reported in 20.5% (weighted estimate). Overall, robust status was associated with a 63% lower probability of concomitant anorexia of ageing (OR 0.37, 95%CI 0.21–0.65, p = 0.0005). Frailty or risk of frailty are associated with more prevalent anorexia of ageing. This has potential practical implications; however, more research, especially to elucidate the direction of the relation, is needed.
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most detrimental toxicity to a patient’s quality of life. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in CIPN pathogenesis are complex, multifactorial, and only partially examined. They are suspected to be associated with oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS-induced apoptosis, myelin sheath and DNA damage, and immunological and inflammatory processes. Unfortunately, medications commonly used for the management of other neuropathic pain syndromes, including gabapentinoids, opioids, and tricyclic antidepressants (such as desipramine and nortriptyline), do not bring satisfactory results in CIPN. The aim of this review is to evaluate the existing literature on the potential use of medical ozone as a treatment for CIPN. This paper would explore the potential therapeutic benefits of medical ozone. The review would evaluate the existing literature on the use of medical ozone in other contexts, as well as its potential application in treating CIPN. The review would also suggest possible research methods, such as randomized controlled trials, to evaluate the efficacy of medical ozone as a treatment for CIPN. Medical ozone has been used to disinfect and treat diseases for over 150 years. The effectiveness of ozone in treating infections, wounds, and a variety of diseases has been well documented. Ozone therapy is also documented to inhibit the growth of human cancer cells and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Due to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and ischemia/hypoxia, ozone may have a potentially valuable effect on CIPN.
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