BackgroundInstitutions considering to employ core Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for entry into postgraduate training as outcomes for their undergraduate medical programs can partly build on published examples, but also have to undergo their own content validation process to take their specific context into consideration. This process involves several challenges and is not well-described in the literature. Here, we report in detail on a systematic, literature-based approach we recently utilised at our institution to define core EPAs for entry into residency.Main bodyCentral to the process was a modified Delphi consent procedure. It involved a multistep interaction between a writing team and a multidisciplinary panel of experienced physicians. Panel members provided both quantitative ratings and qualitative feedback on the EPA categories title, specification/limitations, conditions and implications of entrustment decision, knowledge, skills, and attitude. Consent was achieved when a Content Validity Index (CVI) of ≥80% was reached. The writing team adjusted the EPA category descriptions on the basis of panel members´ ratings and comments, and specified the EPA categories’ link to competencies and assessment sources. This process produced a description and definition of a full set of core EPAs for entry into residency adapted to our context.ConclusionsThis process description for locally adapted core EPAs for entry into residency may support and guide other medical schools in the development and implementation of EPAs into their programs.
This article discusses an important scientific issue in the field of ecology and the environmental safety of urban areas - the pollution of the air of cities. In the context of global warming, the focus is on the problem of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their impact on the sustainable urban development. To solve the problems of climate change and sustainable development of urban areas, two main goals must be pursued: preserving the biosphere and creating a safe and comfortable environment compatible with the biosphere. In this case, the solution of these problems should begin with an assessment of the current situation. All in all, the article analyzes the methods of inventorying greenhouse gas emissions currently used in Russia (in particular, carbon dioxide emissions). Based on the results of a comparative analysis, their features were identified, and the most meaningful and comprehensive method was identified, which would provide reliable calculations when air pollution in urban areas is assessed. According to the author, it is necessary to improve the Russian regulatory, to development existing energy-efficient technologies, to switch over to renewable energies and use “green” building methods. This will allow in the future to form an environmentally safe and comfortable living environment and thereby ensuring sustainable development of urbanized areas.
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