THE CASE OF RUSSIA 3 25 years have passed since the beginning of market reforms in Russia. Like other post-soviet countries, in the early 1990s Russia faced a period of sharp decline in real household incomes. Then a gradual growth of population well-being began. However, income inequality was deep throughout this time. The poverty headcount is still over 10% on average and differs a lot among territories and socio-demographic groups. Russian poverty has certain specifics: there is a high risk of poverty for young working families with children. This paper analyses the effectiveness of family benefits from various perspectives. We consider their impact on the poverty of families with children, using the concepts of absolute, relative and subjective poverty. The study is based on pooled and panel household data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey-Higher School of Economics (RLMS HSE), 2003-2015. We model the influence of child benefits on the probability of being poor and estimate various econometric models. Other controlled factors influencing recipient household risk of poverty include the type of settlement, family structure, education and employment. The results are robust and show the negative influence of family benefits on household risk for absolute and relative poverty. However, the subjective perception of poverty is positively correlated with benefits. The study also shows leakage and significant gaps in coverage in the system of family benefits. Overall, the study reveals the low effectiveness of family benefits in Russia and indicates a need for improved targeting.
В 1990-е годы Россия, как и другие постсоветские страны, столкнулась с падением реальных доходов домохозяйств, за которым последовал постепенный рост благосостояния населения. Тем не менее проблема неравенства доходов остается острой. Доля населения, живущего за чертой бедности, составляет сегодня около 13%, и этот показатель значительно варьируется по регионам и социодемографическим группам. Бедность в России имеет ярко выраженную специфику: ее риск особенно присущ семьям с детьми. Цель настоящего исследования-оценить эффективность действующей сегодня в России системы детских пособий с точки зрения ее влияния на бедность семей с детьми. В работе используются концепции абсолютной, относительной и субъективной бедности. Исследование базируется на данных Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ за 2003-2015 годы. При помощи различных эконометрических моделей оценивается влияние детских пособий на вероятность бедности. Полученные результаты устойчивы к спецификациям моделей и свидетельствуют о том, что детские пособия в целом снижают риск как абсолютной, так и относительной бедности. Однако субъективное восприятие бедности положительно коррелирует с пособиями. Исследование показывает наличие утечек и провалов в охвате бедных семей системой детских пособий. Результаты свидетельствуют о низкой эффективности детских пособий в России и о необходимости их более точного таргетирования. Ключевые слова: детские пособия, абсолютная бедность, относительная бедность, субъективная бедность, Россия. JEL: I32, I38. Экономика социальной сферы Марина Григорьевна Колосницынакандидат экономических наук, профессор Департамента прикладной экономики.
Currently, socially oriented nonprofit organizations (SO NPOs) in Russia are actively engaged in the process of social services provision. The support provided to them, including the financial support provided by the regional authorities, is extremely important for SO NPOs. This article describes the reasons why the state involves NPOs in social services provision and gives them support, and the advantages and disadvantages of NPOs in services provision. We analyze the size, structure and dynamics of financial support for nonprofit organizations at the regional level and factors related to the size of support, as well as the criteria for granting subsidies (one of the types of support). The criteria were analyzed based on the regional legislation of 52 regions of Russia. The analysis of the size, structure and dynamics of financial support was conducted on the data from registers of SO NPOs that received support of 43 regions of Russia for 2016-2018. Our analysis demonstrates an increase in the total amount of support and a significant intraregional and interregional differentiation in the size of support. Using the method of ordinary least squares, we found that the average per capita value of financial support provided to the SO NPOs at the regional level is positively associated with per capita regional budget revenues, the share of education expenditures in the total amount of regional budget expenditures and the quality of life in the region.
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