The histological distinction between a primary endometrial and a primary endocervical adenocarcinoma is often difficult, especially in small biopsy specimens. A preoperative distinction is important because primary surgical management differs between the two tumors. Cases of primary endometrioid endometrial (n=30) and primary endocervical (n=26) adenocarcinoma of endocervical type were stained immunohistochemically with the monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), vimentin, estrogen receptor (ER), and 34 beta E12. In all cases the origin of the adenocarcinoma was confirmed by examination of the definitive pathology specimen. There was diffuse positive nuclear staining for ER in 28 of 30 (93%) endometrial adenocarcinomas. ER was negative in 16 of 26 endocervical adenocarcinomas, and there was focal weak nuclear staining in the other cases. Vimentin was positive in 29 of 30 (97%) endometrial adenocarcinomas but in only 2 of 26 (8%) endocervical adenocarcinomas. CEA was positive in 25 of 26 (96%) endocervical adenocarcinomas, mostly with diffuse membranous and cytoplasmic staining. Positivity with CEA was present in 21 of 30 (70%) endometrial adenocarcinomas but was largely confined to squamoid areas with only 12 tumors exhibiting focal membranous staining of the glandular component. 34 beta E12 was diffusely positive in all except one cervical adenocarcinoma. In endometrial carcinomas, positivity was strongest in squamoid areas but there was positive staining, either focally or diffusely, of the glandular component in 27 cases. In summary, primary endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas are characterized by diffuse, strong, positive staining for vimentin and ER and negative or very focal, positive staining of the glandular component for CEA. In contrast, primary endocervical adenocarcinomas are characterized by CEA positivity, which is usually but not always diffuse, negativity for vimentin, and negativity or focal weak positivity for ER. 34 beta E12 is of no value in the distinction between endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinomas. A panel of immunohistochemical stains, comprising CEA, vimentin, and ER, generally allows confident preoperative distinction between a primary endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinoma.
Aim-To develop a method for the detection of amplification of the erbB2 oncogene in breast cancer fine needle aspirates using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and to compare amplification with immunohistochemical detection of the erbB2 protein.Methods-A digoxigenin labelled probe to the erbB2 gene was hybridised to 15 aspirates prepared from operative breast cancer specimens. A chromosome 17 centromere probe was also hybridised to the aspirates either separately or in combination with the erbB2 probe. The aspirates were scored for erbB2 amplification and chromosome 17 centromere number. Subsequently, paraYn wax embedded sections of the tumours were stained with the antibody CB11 and scored for the presence of membrane staining. Results-Three of the 15 tumour aspirates showed high level amplification of erbB2 detected by FISH. These three tumours also showed chromosome 17 polysomy and diVuse membrane staining by immunohistochemistry. Conclusions-FISH can be used to detect erbB2 amplification in fine needle aspirates and results correlate with conventional immunohistochemical staining. DiYculties were encountered in the visualisation of the signals in non-amplified cases without the use of specialised digital imaging. (J Clin Pathol: Mol Pathol 1999;52:75-77) Keywords: breast cancer; fine needle aspirates; fluorescence in situ hybridisation; erbB2The erbB2 oncogene is situated on the long arm of chromosome 17 at 17q21 and encodes a putative membrane tyrosine kinase with homology to a truncated epidermal growth factor receptor.1 2 The gene is amplified in a variety of cancers, including breast cancer; amplification of the gene has been linked closely to p185 protein overproduction, detected as membrane staining by immunohistochemistry. A variety of molecular and immunological techniques have been used to detect or infer amplification, and a recent review 5 suggests that amplification and/or overexpression of the erbB2 oncogene occurs in ∼ 21% of breast cancers, and that such overexpression is associated with more biologically aggressive tumours. Amplification and/or overexpression is also seen in ductal carcinoma in situ, particularly comedo and other high grade subtypes. 6Controversy surrounds the value of erbB2 as a prognostic marker in relation to responses to chemotherapy and it has been suggested that the investigation of patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy might help to resolve this issue. 5 In this context, preoperative detection of erbB2 amplification in breast cancer using fine needle aspirates 7 8 might be of particular relevance and could be useful clinically. Aspirates contain whole unfixed tumour cell nuclei and in many ways are ideal specimens for fluoresence in situ hybridisation (FISH) analysis.A rapid and simple qualitative method for detecting amplification of the erbB2 gene in breast cancer fine needle aspirates is described and the results are correlated with conventional immunohistochemical staining of paraYn wax embedded sections with antibody CB11. Hybridisation of...
The advent of cable-free nodal arrays for conventional seismic reflection and refraction experiments is changing the acquisition style for active source surveys. Instead of triggering short recording windows for each shot, the nodes are continuously recording over the entire acquisition period from the first to the last shot. The main benefit is a significant increase in geometrical and logistical flexibility. As a by-product, a significant amount of continuous data might also be collected. 10These data can be analysed with passive seismic methods and therefore offer the possibility to complement subsurface characterization at marginal additional cost. We present data and results from a 2.4 km long active source profile which has been recently acquired in Western Colorado (US) to characterize the structure and sedimentary infill of an over-deepened alpine valley. We show how the 'leftover' passive data from the active source acquisition can be processed towards a shear wave velocity model with seismic interferometry. The shear wave velocity model supports the structural interpretation of the 15 active P-wave data, and the P-to-S-wave velocity ratio provides new insights into the nature and hydrological properties of the sedimentary infill. We discuss the benefits and limitations of our workflow and conclude with recommendations for acquisition and processing of similar data sets.
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