Our results seem promising in the field of secondary dystonia treatment. More studies with greater number of patients and longer follow-up periods are necessary in order to establish the role of DBS in the management of secondary dystonia. Finally, the significance of brain SPECT imaging in the investigation of dystonia and functional effects of DBS should be further evaluated.

Clinical improvement of this patient, correspondent to previous studies, suggests that continuous bilateral GPi DBS may provide a promising treatment option for TD. Furthermore, this report could imply, as no previous such comparison study exists, a possible correlation between brain functional imaging findings and the movement disorder's response to DBS.

A case of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification in a 56-year-old woman with parkinsonism and cognitive impairment is described. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and regional cerebral blood flow were evaluated using dopamine transporter (DAT) brain single photon emission tomography combined with a low-dose x-ray computerized tomography transmission (hybrid SPECT/CT) and Tc-99m HMPAO brain perfusion SPECT study, respectively. DAT SPECT/CT imaging revealed a reduction in DAT binding in both striatum regions coinciding with bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia. Brain perfusion scan showed hypoperfusion in basal ganglia regions, posterior parietal cortex bilaterally, left frontopolar and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left temporal lobe. These findings correlated well with the clinical condition of the patient. Mineralization may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuronal degeneration. Cortical perfusion changes in patients may better explain the patient's altered cognitive and motor functions.

The presence of widespread blood flow reduction was observed mainly in the frontal lobes of dementia-free patients with advanced PD. Furthermore, performance on specific cognitive measures was highly related to perfusion brain SPECT findings.

No abstract

Multiple sclerosis is the most common non-traumatic neurodegenerative disease in adults. Most of the patients present with both physical and mental deficits which reflect the dissemination of the lesions in the central nervous system, produced by the inflammatory process. The incomplete recovery after relapses, the accumulation of new deficits and the progressive nature of the condition interfere with daily activities of individuals and have a negative impact on their well-being. Indeed, studies show that quality of life measurements are constantly lower in patients with multiple sclerosis. Estimation of health-related quality of life is being increasingly recognized as necessary when analysing the effectiveness of treatment modalities and for the follow up of patients with chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Current immunomodulatory interventions that are shown to reduce the frequency of relapses and delay disease progression might also have a positive effect on quality of life measurements. Additive pharmacological agents that target cognitive impairments and common symptoms such as depression, fatigue and pain, along with life-style modifications and rehabilitation programmes are also important for the appropriate management that aims to improve quality of life.

There are significant cognitive and perfusion deficits associated with PD progression, implying a multifactorial neurodegeneration process apart from dopamine depletion in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a membrane glycoprotein that is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells. It is also expressed in other normal tissues and several other malignant and benign diseases. We present a case of a 69-year-old man with history of prostate adenocarcinoma who underwent 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT due to suspected biochemical recurrence. PET/CT showed 18F-PSMA-1007 uptake in healing rib fractures with no other pathologic findings. Clinicians reporting 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT should be aware of this potential pitfall, especially in nontypical trauma pattern (eg, solitary osseous lesion) mimicking bone metastases.