No abstract

The interaction between oppositely charged membranes and polycations causes cell aggregation, loss of membrane fluidity, and membrane degeneration and may cause an increase of its permeability. Unfortunately, the interaction is the reason why the use of polycations in medicine is severely limited. Therefore, in this paper, we share our observations related to the action of 40-kDa dextran modified using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride, resulting in increased fibroblast cell proliferation. Using viability and proliferation tests [3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, crystal violet, 3 H-thymidine incorporation], we have observed that cationic dextran derivatives exert a positive impact on nonepithelial cell proliferation in vitro. This phenomenon has been noted for human and mouse fibroblasts and several other nonepithelial cell lines. However, the effect seems to be most pronounced for fibroblast cell lines. The presented studies allow to examine the impact of the polymer structure and the methods of its cationic modification on this newly observed phenomenon. The observation is unique because positively charged macromolecules usually exhibit high toxicity in all cell types in vitro.

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę opodatkowania kryptowalut. W niniejszym opracowaniu zaprezentowano rozwój kryptowalut i prawodawstwa polskiego w tej materii. Przede wszystkim przedstawiono tematykę ujęcia kryptowalut z punktu widzenia przedmiotu opodatkowania w ustawach podatkowych. Ponadto przywołane zostały interpretacje podatkowe, w których można zaobserwować różne sposoby ujęcia problematyki opodatkowania kryptowalut przez urzędy skarbowe. W dalszej części opracowania zaprezentowano najnowsze zmiany ustawy o PIT, wchodzące w życie od 1 stycznia 2019 roku oraz ich potencjalne konsekwencje dla podatników. Taxation of cryptocurrencies in PolandThe article delves into the issue of cryptocurrencies taxation. This work explains the development of cryptocurrencies as well as the Polish law concerning that problem. What is also presented is the perception of cryptocurrencies in view of the subject of taxation in Polish tax regulations. Furthermore, the article refers to the tax rulings in which several different ways of perceiving cryptocurrencies taxation by tax authorities are included. The work also examines the changes in Personal Income Tax in Poland from 1 January 2019 and their potential consequences for taxpayers.

This paper will attempt to indagate the subject of business interruption insurance — an insurance covering the lost income of a company after the occurrance of an accident or a disaster. At first, a brief history of property insurance and the institution being examined is presented. The line of examination is pursued further focusing on characterizing the Polish business interruption insurance. The dissertation refers especially to as follows: the legal acts connected with the aforementioned insurance, the objects and the subjects of it and the conditions recommended whilst signing a business interruption contract. Further reflection shows the statistical data considering the popularity of this insurance. Then the positive and negative aspects of the described institution are analysed, partly illustrated by the figures revealing the collapse of ventures after suffering a damage. This study also concerns the future of business interruption insurance, especially as long as the postulates referring to insuring cyberspace appear. The conclusions present the de lege lata and the de lege ferenda demands of the opponents of the recent functioning of business interruption insurance. Finally, the present work attempts to offer solutions which would increase the popularity of the insurance described.Szanse i zagrożenia związane z praktycznym stosowaniem ubezpieczenia od utraty zyskuPrzedmiotem artykułu jest analiza Business Interruption — ubezpieczenia umożliwiającego pokrycie utraconych zysków przedsiębiorstwa związanych z uprzednim wystąpieniem awarii bądź katastrofy naturalnej. Na wstępie przedstawiono historię ubezpieczeń majątkowych oraz Business Interruption. Dalsza część rozważań ma na celu scharakteryzowanie polskich regulacji dotyczących ubezpieczenia będącego przedmiotem artykułu. Omówiono w szczególności: akty prawne związane z Business Interruption, jego zakres podmiotowy i przedmiotowy oraz zalecane warunki zawarcia umowy tego ubezpieczenia. Ponadto analizie poddano dane statystyczne związane z popularnością Business Interruption wśród przedsiębiorców. Meritum artykułu stanowi omówienie pozytywnych i negatywnych aspektów ubezpieczenia od utraty zysku, między innymi poprzez odwołanie się do badań obrazujących, ile przedsiębiorstw upadło po awarii bądź katastrofie naturalnej. W artykule podjęta została również problematyka przyszłości Business Interruption, w szczególności w kontekście ubezpieczania przestrzeni wirtualnej. Konkluzja odnosi się do postulatów de lege lata i de lege ferenda formułowanych przez przeciwników funkcjonowania omawianego ubezpieczenia w obecnej formie. Końcowym przedmiotem tekstu jest zaproponowanie rozwiązań mających na celu zwiększenie popularności Business Interruption wśród przedsiębiorców.

The notification of the issues connected with tax optimization perceived as state aid on the example of the decision of the European Commission in the case of the Apple groupThis article will attempt to indagate the decision of the European Commision EU 2017/1283 of the 30th of August 2016 on state aid implemented by Ireland to Apple. According to the statement of the European Commission, whilst issuing tax ruling practice which allowed the companies Apple Operations Europe hereinafter referred to as „AOE” and Apple Sales International hereinafter referred to as „ASI” to determine their corporate tax liability in the years when they were in force, Ireland has unlawfully granted state aid to AOE, ASI and the Apple group. Consequently, Ireland was required to recover the receivables. This study will be concerned with the basic concepts related to tax optimization. The discussion also delves into the most significant thesis of the aforementioned decision of the European Commission as well as to the other investigations referring to the issue of the unlawful state aid. In this essay an examination will be made to outline that the tax practices of the global concerns might have a strong impact on the stabilization of the internal market, especially whilst the competition and consumer protection law is concerned. Further analysis devotes to the negative outcomes for the EU member states and the European Union itself.