The research objective was to analyze, classify, and describe the ways of translation of French film titles that contain anthroponyms. Proper names (surnames, nicknames, or pseudonyms) are used to add additional characteristics to the personage or to express some cultural information. The principles of translation of French anthroponyms into Russian include etymological transposition, practical transcription, morphographic method, and transliteration. The anthroponyms do not correspond semantically in different languages. Therefore, they cannot be considered identical equivalents. When translated from French into Russian, anthroponym-containing film titles often lose their stylistic and artistic value, associations, or puns. As a rule, such titles are transformed using reduction, substitution, or addition of some language elements. The transformation serves to correct a seemingly unattractive title, to link the title to the topic and genre, or to achieve commercial success. Titles with pseudonyms and nicknames of French celebrities always undergo some kind of transformation. Sometimes, translators change the title completely or borrow some elements from commercially successful films to attract the attention of the potential audience. The research results can be applied to train specialists of cinema and media industry and teach them French, as well as to develop universal rules of cinema translation.
The article analyzes speech characteristics of the characters of the film “Class” depicting French immigrants’ children. The teenagers study at one of the suburb Paris colleges. They communicate with each other and teachers in the form of a dialogue. The adolescents intentionally tend to ignore the rules of behavior established by the educational institution and neglect the norms of the codified French language. Using artistic images, the film reproduces one of the most topical social problems in modern France — that of immigrants’ resistance to accepting French cultural values, customs, codes, language, and speech culture.The characters’ speech determines their nationality, social status, personal values, and emotional state. Sampling, the linguistic and stylistic types of analysis were employed as research methods. The teenagers use verlanized and obscene lexical units, words from the young immigrant argot developed by borrowing, neologizing, and rethinking outdated French words. The verlan and special colloquial lexical units that characters use contain negative emotional and evaluative connotations. The insults, rudeness, name-calling, familiarity between immigrant children are ritual, intra-group, sociocultural, harmless, directed against the culture, language, economic dominance of the French-speaking ethnos in the society.The adolescent verbal behavior expresses a pejorative assessment of the French culture, language and people. The children ignore school rules and neglect standard French. Verlanisms, youth slang/argot, aggression are considered as the reaction of young immigrants to the requirement to learn standard French and behavioral rules of the French society, rejection by the ethnic French, lack of opportunities to rise in life, a sign of psychological trauma, as well as hardships.
The article considers the phonetically similar French and Russian words régisseur / режиссёр, doubleur / дублёр, cadre / кадр. The Russian words were borrowed from French to nominate new inventions in the sphere of theatre and cinema. Semantics of the French words is more extensional due to continuous development of polysemy. The Russian and French words differ in lexical meaning and contexts of usage. The author argues that the words режиссёр, дублёр, кадр and régisseur, doubleur, cadre are inter-lingual homonyms due to discrepancy in semantics.
The article contains the results of a comparative-contrastive analysis of the French film titles and their translations into Russian. The linguistic models of translation are presented in percentage. It is alleged that the proportion of the direct translation of the French originals is very high. Various subjective and linguistic-culturological factors, multiple tasks at localization are the cause of partial transformations. The substitutions of titles are performed due to the untranslatability of the title text or wordplay. The names of comedy films undergo the whole transformation more often than others.
Шизофрениясоциально значимое психическое расстройство, характеризующееся ранним началом и значительными временными и финансовыми затратами на лечение. Антипсихотики высокоэффективны в лечении шизофрении, но в то же время имеют широкий спектр нежелательных лекарственных реакций. Эффективность и безопасность антипсихотиков различна и зависит от характеристик генетически детерминированных механизмов: транспорт, биотрансформация и элиминация.Целью исследования является обозначение важности фармакогенетического тестирования перед началом терапии антипсихотиками на примере клинического случая тяжелых нежелательных реакций у 47летней женщины с шизофренией.Методы: анализ истории болезни пациента; клиническое наблюдение; биохимический анализ сыворотки крови; терапевтический медикаментозный мониторинг; фармакогенетическое тестирование.Клинический случай женщины с шизофренией, у которой было отмечено отсутствие терапевтического ответа на антипсихотики в течение нескольких лет после начала шизофрении. Было обнаружено, что она является гомозиготной носительницей нефункциональных вариантов CYP2D6*4 и CYP2C9*2, гетерозиготной носительницей нефункционального варианта CYP1A1*2A, что стало причиной полного отключения активности изоферментов 2D6, 2C9 и частичного -1A1 семейства CYP в печени и развития нежелательных реакций уже при использовании стартовых доз нескольких антипсихотиков, а также нарастания антипсихотик-индуцированных нежелательных реакций при дальнейшей титрации дозы принимаемых антипсихотиков, нарастания тяжести позитивных (галлюцинации, бред). Отказ от проведения фармакогенетического тестирования до начала назначения антипсихотиков пациентке привело к длительному анамнезу (более 10 лет) антипсихотик-индуцированных нежелательных реакций при применении антипсихотиков в монотерапии и политерапии включая: арипипразол, галоперидол, зуклопентиксол, карипразин, кветиапин, палиперидон, рисперидон, алимемазин, хлорпромазин и др. (метаболизм с участием нефункционального изофермента CYP2D6); галоперидол, клозапин, оланзапин, перфеназин, промазин (метаболизм с участием нефункционального изофермента CYP2C9); галоперидол, оланзапин, пероспирон (метаболизм с участием низкофункционального изофермента СYP1A1).Таким образом, пациентка нуждалась в фармакогенетическом тестировании до назначения антипсихотиков
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