This paper presents a study assessing the possible application of seven clay substrates of various particle compositions and plasticity, sampled locally in rural regions, as materials allowing affordable construction of the waste landfill liners, which meet the main principles of sustainability, utilize locally available materials and limit the environmental threats posed by landfill leachate to water, public health and arable land. The researched substrates were tested according to their long-term sealing properties by their saturated hydraulic conductivity after compaction, swelling and shrinkage characteristics and ability to sustain their sealing capability after repeated drying and rewetting. The basic characteristics of soils were determined by the standard methods. Saturated hydraulic conductivity after compaction and after repeated shrinking and swelling were tested in laboratory falling head permeameters. Shrinkage characteristics were based on dimensionless indicators of the geometry and linear extensibility. The obtained results showed that the tested clay substrates were found applicable to construction of compacted clay liner for sustainable waste landfill. The environmental sustainability of a local, rural waste landfill, isolated by compacted earthen liners utilizing local materials is, in our opinion possible, but strongly related to the compaction parameters applied during liner construction for the given clay substrate.
Recent climate changes limiting the available water resources require careful sustainable water management in the cities, the locations of highest drinking water consumption and sanitary sewage and stormwater generation. Over 50% of water demand in the residential areas of cities cover activities in which non-potable water could be used, e.g., toilets and laundry facilities, cleaning, garden irrigation and washing vehicles. Thus, rain water harvesting (RWH) systems are the sustainable alternative water supply, lowering drinking water consumption, by the usage of non-potable harvested water, and limiting the anthropopressure on natural water reservoirs. However, in many cases the social acceptance of RWH and willingness to pay may be affected by financial sustainability, including the affordability and profitability of the investment. This paper presents a case study concerning the financial sustainability of thirteen designs of RWH systems for a single-family house under the climatic and economic conditions of Eastern Poland, one of the poorest regions of the European Union. The financial sustainability of the tested RWH designs were based on indictors of cost-efficiency: dynamic generation cost, payback period, net present value and benefit–cost ratio. The performed analyses showed the limited profitability of the studied RWH designs and the insufficient governmental financial support which may significantly affect the social sustainability of the designs under the local conditions.
Abstract. The analysis of water losses should precede the decisions on repairing or modernizing a water network. Water balance and water losses indicators established by the International Water Association (IWA) standards can constitute the basis for the analysis. The methods recommended by IWA are gaining increasing popularity in many countries, including Poland. The aim of the paper is the analysis and comparison of water losses in two middle-sized water distribution systems during the period of 10 years. The compared networks are similar in respect to many parameters, including water intensity indicator value (circa 48 m 3 /d/km). Analyses were conducted on the basis of water losses indices recommended by IWA, such as Real Losses Level per connection per day (RLL), Non-Revenue Water Level (NRWL) and Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI). The results indicated that water losses in both systems are lower than in the literature data for other similar networks.
Analysis of free chlorine propagation in water supply network has a significant meaning for the process of water distribution. Results of numerical studies allow the proper selection of disinfectant or suitable monitoring of pipelines endangered by stagnation of water. The first-order reaction of chlorine decay in pipe boundary layer and inside the waterbody is commonly successfully assumed in numerical modeling. The aim of this studies was to analyze transport of chlorine inside the rural water supply system. The calculations were performed with application of Epanet 2.0 with assumed the first-order re action of chlorine decay and empirically determined chlorine decay rate in the mass of waterbody. The periodical disinfection of water in the network with the constant chlorine concentration 0.3 mg·dm-3 introduced during the whole time duration of simulation was assumed to calculations. The obtained results of chlorine distribution showed that even after 4 days there were available pipelines in which concentration of free chlorine was lower than 0.2 mg·dm-3. Thus, the microbiological protection of water quality is unavailable in these pipelines.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza pracy wybranego wodociągu grupowego w latach 2003-2012 w aspekcie strat wody. Badany wodociąg zasilany jest z czerech ujęć zlokalizowanych w sąsiadujących z sobą miejscowościach. Łączna długość sieci wraz z przyłączami wynosi 489 km. Przewody wykonane są głównie z polichlorku winylu oraz polietylenu dużej gęstości. Obciążenie poszczególnych stref jest nierównomierne i waha się od 5,63 m 3 /(d•km) w strefie B do 16,45 m 3 /(d•km) w strefie A. Średnia produkcja wody w latach 2003-2012 wynosiła 598794,2 m 3 /rok. W pracy zastosowano standardowe metody badawcze-bilansowanie według International Water Association oraz metodę wskaźnikową. Wyznaczono procentowy wskaźnik strat wody (S), jednostkową objętość strat przypadającą na jednego mieszkańca (q STR), jednostkowy wskaźnik strat wody (q sj), wskaźnik jednostkowych strat rzeczywistych, przy co najmniej 20 przyłączach przypadających na 1 km sieci (RLB), wskaźnik przecieków infrastruktury (ILI) oraz wskaźnik objętości wody niedochodowej (NRWB). Badania przeprowadzono na podstawie danych uzyskanych z przedsiębiorstwa wodociągowego. Najwyższą wartość większości wskaźników strat wody zaobserwowano w 2005 roku, później nastąpił spadek ich wartości i w 2010 roku ponowny wzrost. Niska wartość ILI, we wszystkich strefach poniżej 1,5, świadczy o bardzo dobrym stanie technicznym sieci. Najwyższe straty wody zaobserwowano w strefie zasilanej z ujęcia B. Również dla tej strefy wartość wskaźnika RLB i NRWB jest najwyższa. Wyznaczone wskaźniki start wody są porównywalne do opublikowanych wartości, uzyskanych dla innych systemów wodociągowych i wskazują na zadowalający stan badanej sieci.
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