The aim of our study was to conduct a selection of the monocultures capable of providing the most attractive sensory features of the final product. Four fermented goat's milk beverages were produced with probiotic monocultures containing Lactobacillus (Lb. acidophilus La‐5, Lb. rhamnosus K3 and Lb. plantarum O20) and Bifidobacterium (Bif. animalis subsp. lactisBB‐12). A sensory analysis and microbiological assessment of fermented goat's milk beverages were made at the beginning of the study and after 3, 7, 10 and 14 days of refrigerated storage (5 ± 1 °C). We found that samples including monocultures Lb. plantarum O20 and Bif. animalis subsp. lactisBB‐12 were differentiated from other goat's milk beverages.

Acid whey is a byproduct of cheesemaking that is difficult to use because of its low pH and less-favorable processing properties compared with rennet whey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualities of fermented beverages made using acid whey. In manufacturing the beverages, we used probiotic cultures Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 or Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12. The production process included combining pasteurized acid whey with UHT milk, unsweetened condensed milk, or skim milk powder. We introduced milk to enrich casein content and obtain a product with characteristics similar to that of fermented milk drinks. The products were stored under refrigerated conditions (5 ± 1°C) for 21 d. During storage, we assessed the beverages' physicochemical properties and organoleptic characteristics. The properties of the beverages depended on their composition, microbial culture, and storage time. Beverages containing L. acidophilus had higher acidity, which increased during storage; the acidity of samples containing B. animalis was more stable. Beverages made with skim milk powder (La1 and Bb1) had higher acetaldehyde content, but this parameter decreased in all samples during storage. The hardness of the samples did not change during storage and was highest in beverage La3, made from whey, condensed milk, and L. acidophilus. Beverage La2, made from whey, milk, condensed milk, and L. acidophilus, had the best sensory properties. The whey beverages we developed provided a good medium for the probiotic bacteria; bacteria count throughout the storage period exceeded 8 log cfu/mL, distinctly higher than the minimum therapeutic dose.

Frozen yogurt is a type of dairy product that is considered to be a more healthful alternative to conventional ice cream due to its lower fat content and the presence of viable lactic acid bacteria. Lactose-free products are a growing trend in the dairy industry, and lactose-free yogurts and ice creams can both be found on the market. However, lactose-free frozen yogurt has not yet reached the market. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of adding κ-carrageenan (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15%) and corn starch (1, 2, and 3%) on acidity, texture, viscosity, overrun, melting properties, color attributes, and sensory characteristics of lactosefree frozen yogurts. Lactose was reduced by enzymatic hydrolysis during the fermentation process. The effectiveness of the hydrolysis was measured by HPLC, and lactose was reduced to 0.05% after 80 min of incubation with the enzyme. The addition of stabilizers did not change overrun and melting properties of frozen yogurt, but it did affect pH, titratable acidity, and color parameters. The product with 0.15% κ-carrageenan had the highest hardness and stickiness values. Moreover, κ-carrageenan had a positive effect on sensory attractiveness of lactose-free frozen yogurt, and it reduced the coarse texture in comparison with the control without stabilizers. A lactose-free frozen yogurt with good quality and nutritional characteristics was produced, particularly with the use of κ-carrageenan as stabilizer.

The aim of the study was to determine Se concentration in selected products of animal origin (dairy products, pork, beef, chicken, giblets, fish, eggs) and to estimate the degree to which these products cover daily Se requirement in humans. Selenium concentrations were determined using the spectrofluorometric method. Mean Se concentration in the milk, yoghurt, kefir, and probiotic drinks was 0.020 lg mL )1 , 0.010 lg mL )1 , 0.012 lg mL )1 and 0.012 lg mL )1 , respectively. Selenium concentration in cheese ranged 0.022-0.088 lg g )1 wet weight. The average selenium content of meat ranged from 0.064 (beef) to 0.094 (chicken) lg g )1 w.w. The mean Se content of giblets (liver: 0.307-0.401 lg g )1 w.w.) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in meat. The concentration of Se depends on fish species and in our study it ranged from 0.136 ± 0.023 (flounder) to 0.282 ± 0.024 lg g )1 w.w. (mackerel). The results obtained show that the analysed food provides 22.8% of the daily selenium requirement. Considering that animal products account for 40-45% of the diet daily selenium intake averages 33-37 lg.

The aim of the study was to use 3 monocultures of Bifidobacterium (Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis AD600, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12, and Bifidobacterium longum AD50) in fermented goat milk to assess the microbial, physicochemical, rheological, and sensory quality of beverages during a 3-wk storage period at 5°C. The results indicated that selected bifidobacteria may be used for production of fermented goat milk because they comply with the minimum standards specified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization during the entire period of storage. However, goat milk fermented by Bif. longum AD50 had less than 10 cfu/g after 21 d of storage. The acidity, acetaldehyde content, viscosity, and hardness of fermented goat milk beverages depended on the strain and the storage period. Sensory properties were similar and acceptable, with a tendency for the quality to be reduced with an extended storage time. Depending on the monoculture of bifidobacteria used to manufacture fermented goat milk, the product had a different pH value. Titratable acidity in all fermented goat milk increased significantly along with the time of storage. Our study has shown that monocultures of bifidobacteria had a significant effect on the content of acetaldehyde, but the lowest effect over the entire storage period was observed in goat milk fermented by Bif. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12. This sample also had the lowest viscosity values compared with other samples and the best organoleptic properties during a 3-wk storage period.

The influence of polylactic acid (PLA) relative to polyamide/polyethylene (PA/PE) packing material on selected physicochemical attributes of acid curd cheese (ACC) (tvarog) packed in modified atmosphere (90% N2/10% CO2) and stored for 3 weeks at 5 ± 1°C was analysed. Three variants of tvarog were produced: (i) one packed in PLA film, (ii) one stored in metalised PLA film and (iii) tvarog packed in PA/PE film. The cheeses were assessed organoleptically. Changes in water and fat contents, titratable acidity, pH, water activity and fat oxidation were measured. Moreover, cheese hardness was determined by means of a double compression test (TPA). ACCs had the appropriate organoleptic attributes and the proper chemical compositions. The type of wrapping film highly significantly differentiated the samples regarding chemical composition, titratable acidity, pH and hardness. The films inhibited fat oxidation, but they did not inhibit transformation of fatty acids into conjugated diene and triene structures. Moreover, the samples differed in the course of changes in lipid extractability and in water activity.

Celem badań było wyprodukowanie napojów fermentowanych nowej generacji z mleka koziego przy użyciu komercyjnych kultur probiotycznych Lactobacillus sp., zawierających pojedyncze szczepy (Lb. paracasei, Lb. casei i Lb. acidophilus) oraz ocena ich cech jakościowych podczas trzytygodniowego przechowywania (5 ± 1 ºC). Wyprodukowano trzy warianty wyrobów doświadczalnych: NP-A (z udziałem Lb. paracasei AD 400), NP-B (z udziałem Lb. casei 01) i NP-C (z udziałem kultury Lyofast La 3 zawierającej szczep Lb. acidophilus 3). Napoje doświadczalne oceniono sensorycznie oraz poddano analizie mikrobiologicznej, fizykochemicznej i reologicznej, odpowiednio po 1, 7, 14 i 21 dniach przechowywania w warunkach chłodniczych.Stwierdzono, że doświadczalne napoje fermentowane z mleka koziego charakteryzowały się bardzo dobrymi i dobrymi cechami sensorycznymi oraz wymaganą liczbą żywych komórek bakterii probiotycznych (co najmniej 10 6 jtk/g) podczas przechowywania. Kwasowość miareczkowa, pH, zawartość aldehydu octowego, lepkość oraz twardość istotnie zależały od rodzaju badanego napoju i czasu chłodniczego przechowywania.Słowa kluczowe: mleko kozie fermentowane, kultury probiotyczne, cechy jakościowe, tekstura Dr inż. dr inż. I. Dmytrów, Zakład Technologii Mleczarskiej i Przechowalnictwa Żywności, dr hab. J. Balejko, prof. nadzw., Zakład Inżynierii Procesowej i Maszynoznawstwa, Wydz. Nauk o Żywności i Rybactwa, Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie, ul. Papieża Pawła IV 3, dr hab. inż. M. Ziarno, Zakład Biotechnologii Mleka, Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie,

Buttermilk, the by‐product of butter production, due to good technological features and excellent nutritional and health‐promoting properties finds more and more applications in food industry. Considerable amount of polar lipids causes that buttermilk exhibits emulsifying and stabilizing effect and may be used to improve the product quality. The study aimed to design new kind of ice cream, in which all milk is substituted by buttermilk. Within the study, we compared physicochemical parameters, color, texture, and sensory properties of control milk ice cream (C), ice cream from sweet buttermilk (SB), and ice cream from cultured buttermilk (CB). Ice cream was tested on the production day, and some characteristics were tested also after 14 and 28 days of storage at −18 ± 1°C. The study showed that samples of ice cream from cultured buttermilk had the highest acidity and were the most resistant to melting. The samples did not differ in over‐run value. The use of buttermilk influenced the texture of ice cream and product from sweet buttermilk had the highest stickiness during the storage. The color analysis showed that the highest lightness parameter had ice cream from cultured buttermilk, while samples from sweet buttermilk had the most greenish‐yellow characteristics. All the obtained products had good sensory characteristics, only cultured buttermilk ice cream slightly deteriorated after 28 storage days. Good quality properties cause that buttermilk may be successfully used as substitution of milk in ice‐cream formula and may improve its quality by exhibiting of some emulsifying stabilizing effect.