In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family factors such as structure, social control, affluence, and negative life events on adolescents' risky alcohol use. Data on alcohol use and family factors were obtained from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using
multilevel analysis, it was found that overall, complete family and high social control by parents were lowering the intense alcohol use whereas negative life events in the family and high family affluence were increasing youngsters' intense alcohol use. Differences between regions of Europe were present for all family factors except affluence. Namely, in Northern Europe the impact of family structure and social control on intense alcohol use was stronger than that in other regions (e.g., Western Europe, Mediterranean, and Postsocialist countries). Also, in Northern Europe where the proportion of adolescents who have not experienced negative life events is the highest, the impact of negative life events on intense alcohol use was stronger; that is, negative life events increased the alcohol use. We conclude that family plays a significant role in adolescents' risky alcohol use.
BACKGROUND: The second decade of this century is characterised by the fact that the number of pregnant women who intend to give up their children has considerably decreased. However, despite this, the proportion between the number of abandoned children and all newborns increased from 2009 to 2014.AIM: The goal of this work is to scientifically substantiate changes in Russian legislation based on a comprehensive analysis of the main trends in the development of early social orphanhood and changes in the medical and social characteristics of mothers who give up their children.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The general aggregate of mothers who gave up their children in the Chelyabinsk Region has been studied. In total, 1,438 mothers were observed in 2009-2017. The information has been copied from the reports and records for 2009-2017 found in 51 maternity homes of the Chelyabinsk Region: reporting form No. 32 “Information on Medical Care for Pregnant Women, New Mothers and Women in Labor” and registered form No. 96 “Labor and Delivery Medical Record”.RESULTS: During the period under study, on average, 158 newborns per year were abandoned in maternity homes of the region: 51 children were abandoned by residents of the regional centre, 74 and 33 were abandoned by the women who lived in urban districts and rural municipalities, respectively. Today, mothers who give up their children tend to be marginalised. Two-thirds of them give birth to children out of marriage. Seven out of ten do not have a regular income, and six out of ten have socially significant diseases caused by their lifestyle.CONCLUSIONS: The decline in attention to the prevention of early social orphanhood is caused by the inevitable increase in the number of newborns left without parental care. Every year, the number of well adapted in society women who give up their children when they find themselves in a difficult life situation is decreasing. The number of marginalised pregnant women is growing. Reducing the rate of abandonment of newborns among the marginalised contingent of pregnant women requires changes in the medical legislation of the Russian Federation.
Based on 22 semi-structured interviews with 24 young ex-offenders in Estonia, this article looks at the effect that stigmatization has on the reintegration of young ex-offenders. The study looks at to what extent and in which domains ex-offenders experience stigma, how they manage it, and what effect it has on social participation and involvement. The results indicate that young ex-offenders experience stigma while looking for jobs and accommodation and when interacting with the criminal justice system. The strategies for managing stigma mostly include secrecy and withdrawal. These strategies are closely related to self-stigmatization, low societal participation, and a low level of trust toward state institutions.
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