Introduction: In the case of obesity and excessive body weight, the deficiency of vitamin D increases, which significantly impairs metabolic processes in the body, especially fatty and carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin D metabolites affect insulin sensitivity of cells. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between vitamin D and carbohydrate metabolism in adolescents with excessive body weight and obesity. Material and methods: 139 adolescents were examined. The mean age of children was 15.5 ±2.3 years. 65 adolescents with excessive weight and 74 obesity teenagers were examined. Parameters that were determined in all children included: undertaking anthropometric measurements, general examinations, biochemical parameters, including carbohydrate metabolism: fasting glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerant test, measuring the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, blood pressure measurement and determination of vitamin D status. Results: The features of changes carbohydrate metabolism markers in adolescents with overweight and obesity, depending on the level of serum 25(OH)D, have been established. Correlations between vitamin D status and markers of carbohydrate metabolism such as basal insulin level (p = 0.000) and HOMA-IR index (p = 0.000) and anthropometric indices: body mass index (p = 0.000), waist circumference (p = 0.000) and hip circumference (p = 0.001), waist-hip ratio (p = 0.000), waist-to-height ratio (p = 0.000) have been determined. Conclusions: The study has established prognostically significant biochemical (basal insulin), and anthropometric (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio) markers resulting in vitamin D deficiency development in children with excessive body weight and obesity.
Breast milk represents the optimal source of feeding for newborns, in terms of nutritional compounds and as it provides immunological, metabolic, organic, and neurological well-being. As a complex biological fluid, it consists not only of nutritional compounds but also contains environmental contaminants. Formulas through production, contact with bottles and cups, and complementary feeding can also be contaminated. The current review focuses on endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and made-man xenoestrogens present in the environment and both commonly present in food sources, agricultural practices, packaging, consumer products, industry, and medical care. These contaminants are transferred by passive diffusion to breast milk and are delivered during breastfeeding. They mainly act by activating or antagonizing hormonal receptors. We summarize the effects on the immune system, gut microbiota, and metabolism. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and indirect food additives may induce tissue inflammation and polarize lymphocytes, increase proinflammatory cytokines, promote allergic sensitization, and microbial dysbiosis, activate nuclear receptors and increase the incidence of allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. Breast milk is the most important optimal source in early life. This mini-review summarizes current knowledge on environmental contaminants and paves the way for strategies to prevent milk contamination and limit maternal and infant exposure during pregnancy and the first months of life.
An increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese adolescents is often combined with a low level of vitamin D that may be associated with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorders, which underlie the development of arterial hypertension and cardiometabolic changes. This work aimed to determine the association between vitamin D status and the main parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and anthropometric measurements. A total of 196 adolescents (129 boys and 67 girls) from the Ternopil region were examined. Their mean age was 15.5 ± 2.3 years. Based on the body mass index (BMI): 60 adolescents had normal body weight, 60 were overweight, and 76 were obese. Anthropometric measurements and general examinations were performed. In blood serum 25(OH)D levels and the main parameters of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were determined. Low levels of 25(OH)D were found. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adolescents with BMI up to the 85th percentile was 56.7%, with BMI in the 85-97 th percentiles was 70.0% and with BMI over the 97 th percentile was 77.6%. Serum 25(OH)D levels in overweight and obese adolescents had a significant correlation with BMI
IntroductionThe prevalence of obesity constantly increases worldwide and definitely increases the risk of premature death in early adulthood. While there is no treatment yet with proven efficacy for the metabolic clamp such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes type 2, and fatty liver disease, it is imperative to find a way to decrease cardiometabolic complications. Early prevention strategies beginning in childhood are the most logical step to reduce future cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to determine the most sensitive and specific predictive markers of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype with high cardiometabolic risk in overweight/obese adolescent boys.MethodsThis study was carried out at the Ternopil Regional Children's hospital (Western Ukraine) and involved 254 randomly chosen adolescent overweight or obese boys [median age was 16.0 (15.0,16.1) years]. A control group of 30 healthy children with proportional body weight comparable in gender and age to the main group was presented. A list of anthropometrical markers with biochemical values of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism with hepatic enzymes was determined. All overweight/obese boys were divided into three groups: 51.2% of the boys with metabolic syndrome (MetS) based on the IDF criteria; 19.7% of the boys were metabolically healthy obese (MHO) without hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia; and the rest of the boys (29.1%) were classified as metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) with only one criterion (hypertension, dyslipidemia, or hyperglycemia).ResultsBased on multiple logistic regression analysis that included all anthropometric and biochemical values and calculated indexes in boys from the MHO group and MetS, it was revealed that the maximum likelihood in the prediction of MetS makes the combination of triglyceride glucose index, pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis index (PNFI), and triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (R2 =0.713, p<0.000). By tracing the receiver operating characteristic curve, the model is confirmed as a good predictor of MetS (AUC=0.898, odds ratio=27.111 percentage correct=86.03%) in overweight and obese boys.ConclusionTriglyceride glucose index, pediatric NAFLD fibrosis index, and triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio are a valuable combination of predictive markers of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype in Ukrainian overweight/obese boys.
Purpose: This work aims to determine the association between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adolescents from Ukraine.Methods: Anthropometric measurements were taken and general and biochemical examinations were performed on 136 obese and overweight adolescents and 60 adolescents with normal body weight. The vitamin D status was determined using 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (calcidiol) levels in blood serum. To establish the factors influencing vitamin D status, the subjects were asked to answer a questionnaire and 2007 International Diabetes Federation diagnostic criteria were used to determine the incidence of metabolic syndrome. All research results were processed statistically.Results: A calcidiol sufficiency level was found in 3.9% of obese adolescents and 6.7% of overweight adolescents. Metabolic syndrome was found in 64.4% of obese adolescents with vitamin D deficiency, and in 26.2% of overweight adolescents. Factors associated with an increased risk of developing vitamin D deficiency in adolescents with metabolic syndrome included male sex (p=0.042), low income per family member (p=0.040), daily milk consumption of up to 1 cup per day (p=0.001), physical activity (p=0.001), duration of outdoor stays (p=0.001), and passive rest in front of a computer or television (p=0.001). Adolescents with metabolic syndrome were found predominance of body mass index (p<0.001), waist circumference (p<0.001), fasting blood glucose level (Р<0.001), and decreased calcidiol level (p=0.022). Among metabolic syndrome components, vitamin D deficiency was strongly associated with waist circumference and increased fasting blood glucose (p<0.05).Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in overweight and obese adolescents from Ukraine. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome criteria in overweight and obese adolescents.
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