Recensionineo eletto e del conclave, prima che questo fosse rigidamente regolato da Gregorio Xnel 1274. L'America Latina, e in particolare il Messico conquistato nel 1521, fanno da sfondo a tre articoli, tra loro collegati, che hanno come oggetto la cultura degli abitanti di questa regione prima della conquista.Louise Burkhart affronta il discorso delle rappresentazioni teatrali missionarie. I caratteri dei personaggi, ricalcati sulla commedia europea, evidenziano sia le difficoltà della convivenza che le caratteristiche proprie degli abitanti; Cecelia F. Klein paragona, con interessanti approfondimenti, la rappresentazione del sacrifìcio del dio azteco Tezcatlipoca alla crocefìssione di Gesù Cristo, mentre Pete Segal illustra il rito del sacrifìcio umano, e spiega l'importanza dell'atto come legame tra uomini e dei, e come pratica necessaria per garantire la fertilità.Gli ultimi due articoli si distaccano un po' dalla struttura del volume: Anthony Molho affronta il tema dell'esilio cui furono costretti molti studiosi tedeschi, dopo l'ascesa al potere di Adolf Hitler in Germania, e delle difficoltà che dovettero affrontare nel loro trasferimento negli Stati Uniti. Per molti di loro, la nuova patria si rivelò un paese difficile da accettare e dal quale essere accettati mentre Mahnaz Yousefdazeh descrive il sesto centenario della nascita di Dante; tenutosi a Firenze nel 1865: presentato come contrapposizione alla festa dello Statuto,
This book brings to completion a project twenty years in the making carried out by archivists working on the archival fonds of charitable organizations in Milan. It does not consider all pia loca in Milan, but focuses, instead, on the forty organizations that were amalgamated in 1784 as part of Emperor Joseph II's reforms and that, in 2003, became the Azienda di Servizi alla Persona Golgi-Redaelli (Golgi Redaelli Agency for Personal Assistance). The volume is actually a guide to the archive of the Agency. It opens with a short history of the organization and its connections with Milanese history and society. Some of the pious organizations founded "to contain poverty by providing subsidies meant to prevent a family's slide into marginality and delinquency" (p. 27) have a long and ancient history, as is the case for the Scuola delle Quattro Marie, attested in documents since 1305.These pious associations were governed by a small group of administrators who were part of the city's ruling elite. "The relationship between the pious associations and religious authorities was complex" (p. 30); many charitable organizations had to submit, at least partially, to the control of the Church, especially after the Council of Trent. In general, however, most remained basically autonomous up to the time of Empress Maria Theresa and her co-regent son Joseph II when, "in the context of a project of universal reorganization of resources and administrative structures within the Habsburg Empire, the State entered firmly into the social assistance sector" (p. 31). In 1937 these pious associations were refashioned into E.C.A.s (Enti Comunali Assistenza, that is, Municipal Assistance Entities). In time, they moved more and more towards elder care and incorporated other institutions, such as the Istituto Geriatrico Camillo Golgi (in Abbiategrasso) and the Istituto Geriatrico Piero Redaelli (in Milan and Vimodrone).The history of the Azienda and its earlier incarnations is reconstructed from archival information gleaned, in particular, from the five major fonds that survived the 1784 suppression, that is, from the archives of the Quattro Marie, of the Misericordia, of the Divinità, of the Carità in Porta Nuova, and of the Nostra Signora di Loreto.The Quattro Marie is documented from ca. 1305 to 1801. Its fond includes documents from various other charitable institutions that were incorporated into the Quattro Marie, that is:
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