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We modelled the effect of habitat heterogeneity on the abundance of the submediterranean Saponaria bellidifolia, a red list species in Romania. The study was designed at two scales: 100 and 0.5 m 2 . At larger scale, generalized additive models and canonical correspondence analysis were used to model the density of ramets, whereas at microscale, binomial logistic regression was employed to model the species' occurrence. S. bellidifolia abundance responded sensitively to habitat type (classified as ''grassy'', ''rocky'' and ''scree''), rather than to microclimatic variables. At both scales, habitat type was the best predictor of ramet abundance, followed by slope and vegetation cover. At 0.5 m 2 , soil depth was also a good predictor of species occurrence. The data revealed that screes are the most suitable habitats for hosting relatively large populations of this rare species, because of occasional natural disturbances and presumably lower interspecific competition.

Four populations of Saponaria bellidifolia situated at the species’ northern range periphery (Apuseni Mountains, southeastern Carpathians) were monitored over a period of 5 years. They were chosen to represent different habitat types (rocky, fixed screes, open screes and grassy), disturbance regime (fire), and population sizes (categorized as large and small). The reproductive effort was quantified, and matrix models were used to describe the population dynamics and to assess population viability. Saponaria bellidifolia had very stable population dynamics in the harsh and stable abiotic conditions of the outcrops where populations occur. Habitat conditions exerted a notable influence on the species’ population reproductive performance, growth rate, and vital rates, whereas population size and climate did not have a clear‐cut effect on the dynamics of the species. Saponaria bellidifolia maintains viable populations in the southeastern Carpathians, at its northern range periphery.

A Gymnadenia frivaldii Hampe ex Griseb. újrafelfedezése areája északi határán (Keleti Kárpátok, Románia)Összefoglalás -A Frivaldszky-bibircsvirág a Délkeleti-Kárpátok orchideaflórájának egyik ritkasága, amelynek fajneve híres Balkán kutatónk, Frivaldszky Imre (1799-1870) emlékét őrzi. Hegyvidéki lápokon, vízszivárgós, üde helyeken fordul elő a Balkán-félsziget hegyvidékein (Bulgária, Románia, Görögország, Macedónia, Montenegró, Albánia). A fajra a Kárpátokban először Heuffel János bukkant rá a Szárkő-hegységben. Habár a fajt Simonkai 1874-ben gyűjtötte a Retyezátban (Zenóga-és Bukura-tó), a példánya (BP33967) azonosságában bizonytalan volt, ezért az a halvány bibircsvirág (Gymnadenia albida) alá sorolva szerepel monográfiájában. Azóta több helyről előkerült a Retyezátból, így a Peleagahavasról, a Zănoaga-, Zănoguţa-, Ana-és Bucura-tavak mellől és a Judele-völgyből, továbbá a Szárkő-hegység egy-két pontjáról is. Az utolsó szerzőnek a faj egy öt évtizeddel korábbi, csupán egy fitocönológiai tabellában dokumentált előfordulását sikerült megerősítenie a Hargita hegységben (Keleti-Kárpátok). Ez a lelőhely a faj areájának északi határán helyezkedik el, ezért növényföldrajzi szempontból igazán fontos adat. A közlemény bemutatja a faj felfedezésének történetét és jelenleg ismert elterjedését és veszélyeztetettségi státuszát a Kárpátokban, továbbá a Hargita hegységi élőhelyét.Kulcsszavak: bibircsvirág, Frivaldszky Imre, Hargita, Kárpátok, Orchidaceae, természetvédelemAbstract -Frivald's Gymnadenia is a very rare Balkan species in the South-Eastern Carpathians. The specific epithet "frivaldii" honours Imre Frivaldszky (1799-1870), a Hungarian naturalist. The species occurs in the drawdown zone of mountain fens of the Balkan Peninsula (Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Albania), at elevations between 1000 and 2300 m. In the Carpathians the species was first reported from the Ţarcu Mts (Southern Carpathians) by János Heuffel. In 1874 Simonkai collected a specimen (BP 33967) in the Retezat Mts, but he was uncertain about its identity, thus this record eventually appeared as G. albida (Pseudorchis albida) in his monograph. Since then the species has been found at several localities in both the Retezat Mts (Mt Peleaga, Zănoaga, Zănoguţa, Ana and Bucura glacial lakes, Judele Valley) and the Ţarcu Mts. This paper reports on the discovery of Frivald's Gymnadenia in the area of "Szökő-láp" (Harghita Mts, Eastern Carpathians), which can be considered a confirmation of the old literature record. This is the northernmost locality of this Balkan species known so far. The chorology and conservation status of G. frivaldii in the South-Eastern Carpathians are discussed.Keywords: biodiversity conservation, Carpathians, Gymnadenia, Harghita, Imre Frivaldszky, Orchidaceae 214Redescoperirea speciei Gymnadenia frivaldii aflată la marginea nordică a arealului (Carpaţii Orientali, România)Rezumat -Gymnadenia frivaldii este o orhidee rară şi periclitată, a cărei nume de specie a fost dată în onoarea naturalistului Frivaldszky Im...