A marine heatwave (MHW) occurs when ocean temperatures are warmer than a local threshold for an extended period of time (Hobday et al., 2016). This can occur off the coast of western Australia because of abnormal warming of the ocean surface driven by a Ningaloo Niño, the dominant climate variability mode in the southeastern Indian Ocean. In the austral summer of 2012/2013 a particularly strong MHW developed on Australia's North West Shelf (NWS) region (Figure 1), beginning in December 2012 and peaking in February 2013 (Feng et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2018). This MHW resulted in warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies during January and February of over 3°C that were mostly confined northeast of the North West Cape (NWC, Figure 1) in the southwestern region of the NWS (Xu et al., 2018). The MHW caused coral bleaching and other significant ecological impacts (Feng et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2018), stressing the importance of understanding the driving mechanisms behind the evolution of this strong MHW event. Ningaloo Niño, a key driver of MHWs in the region, usually starts to develop in September-October and peaks off the west Australian coast in the middle of the Australian summer in
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