This study explores the L2M2 acquisition of Norwegian Sign Language by hearing adults, with a focus on the production and use of depicting signs. A group of students and their instructors were asked to respond to prompt questions about directions and locations in Norwegian Sign Language, and their responses were then compared. An examination of the students’ depicting signs shows that they struggled more with the phonological parameters orientation and movement, rather than with handshape. In addition, they used fewer depicting signs than their instructors, and instead relied more on lexical signs. Finally, students were found to struggle with the coordination of depicting signs within the signing space and in relation to their own bodies. It is hoped that the findings from this study can be used to inform future research as well as curricula development and pedagogy.
This study has provided insights into the strengths and limitations of two new eHealth services for use across countries within the European Union, and has provided indications of how those services could be improved.
The object of this study is a sign glossed index-c, a point toward the signer’s chest, and its use in Swedish Sign Language. The sign has often been referred to as the first person pronoun of Swedish Sign Language, and it has been claimed that index-c is only used for non-first person reference in reported speech (Wallin 1987; Ahlgren 1991; Simper-Allen 1999). In the analyzed material, however, index-c is also used for non-first person reference when the actions and thoughts of a referent are rendered. A closer look also made it clear that there are actually two different forms of index-c, with different distribution, and that there appears to be an indefinite pronoun in Swedish Sign Language. What is presented here is thus an analysis of the use and meaning of two forms of the sign that was initially glossed index-c.
Objective This study explored the Swedish digital health testbeds through the lens of complexity science. Methods The purposive sampling was used to identify 38 digital health testbed organizations to conduct interviews in written or audio-conferencing. The interview responses were aggregated and analyzed using thematic analysis. The themes were mainly generated through complexity theory and the principles of complex adaptive systems. Results Fifteen testbed organizations responded, comprising 13 written responses and two audio-conferencing. Five main theoretical themes were generated: agents and diversity, connections and communication, adaptation and learning, perturbations, and path dependence. Agents and diversity depicted different types of testbeds, stakeholders and innovation, and the primary function and purpose of the testbeds. Various factors enhancing connections and communications among multiple stakeholders were identified, such as the quality of e-health solutions and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Some adaptation and learning factors, such as internal reorganization, sharing and creating learning opportunities, and additional funding, guaranteed the sustainability of testbeds. Perturbations were characterized by two factors: non-linear interactions – lack of commitment and transparency in stakeholders' engagement, and uncertainty about testbed definitions and concepts. Path dependence highlighted the importance of history, such as previous positive and negative experiences. Conclusion This study provided insights into testbeds' organization, their functions, how various aspects were challenged, and how they adapted to overcome and improve the system issues. Identifying the stakeholders and relevant factors, commissioning an evaluation, backing up with a contingency plan, securing adequate funding, and disseminating the findings can improve the testbeds' design and implementation.
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