Context A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the recommended treatment for gluten-dependent disease. In addition, gluten withdrawal is popular and occasionally is suggested as a treatment for other autoimmune diseases (ADs). Objective The current systematic review summarizes those entities and discusses the logic behind using a GFD in classical non–gluten-dependentADs. Data Sources A search for medical articles in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, LILACS, and Scielo published between 1960 and 2020 was conducted, using the key words for various ADs and GFDs. Data Exxtraction Eight-three articles were included in the systematic review (using PRISMA guidelines). Data Analysis Reduction in symptoms of ADs after observance of a GFD was observed in 911 out of 1408 patients (64.7%) and in 66 out of the 83 selected studies (79.5%). The age of the patients ranged from 9 months to 69 years. The duration of the GFD varied from 1 month to 9 years. A GFD can suppress several harmful intraluminal intestinal events. Potential mechanisms and pathways for the action of GFD in the gut – remote organs’ axis have been suggested. Conclusion A GFD might represent a novel nutritional therapeutic strategy for classical non–gluten-dependent autoimmune conditions.
The features of gut microbiota in metabolic syndrome (MS) and ways to correct it using autoprobiotics, based on indigenous bacteria obtained from fecal samples of the host, remain unexplored. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of an indigenous consortium (IC) of fecal bacteria in treatment of patients with MS. The study was carried out on 36 patients with MS, manifested with abdominal obesity, eating disorders, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The control group was formed by 20 healthy volunteers. Samples of IC and gut microbiota content were examined by qPCR and metagenome (16S rRNA) analysis before and after therapy. The decrease in anthropometric parameters of obesity, liver enzyme level correction, reduction in C reactive protein and triglyceride concentrations were revealed after IC usage. The decrease in genera Bifidobacterium, Enterobacter, Paraprevotella, and Prevotella, as well as an increase in Bacteroides fragilis and Oscillospira spp. populations were shown after consumption of IC. A negative correlation between the quantity of B. fragilis and the anthropometric parameters of obesity (r = −0.48) and C reactive protein level (r = −0.36) in serum was established. Thus, IC can be considered as a potential functional personified product for the therapy of MS.
The aim. To review the composition of gut microbiota in the presence of metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods. Authors analysed Russian and foreign research publications of the database PubMed and Electronic Research eLibrary over the last 20 years from the position of evidence-based medicine. An analytical method has been used. Results. A literature review showed the ambivalence of composition of gut microbiota phyla in the presence of metabolic syndrome, but indicated on specific species whose number correlates with the manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Among such bacteria can be highlighted Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which can be the obesity risk indicator and also bacteria of genus Lactobacillus and the class Betaproteobacteria which have confirmed inverse and direct links with the blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes. Special attention should be given to Proteobacteria species (Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter), which are found in larger quantities in patients with manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion. According to recent studies the role of gut microbiota in the development of metabolic syndrome is not in doubt. Specific bacteria species can be considered as predictors of the metabolic syndrome presence. The composition of gut microbiota phyla in the presence of metabolic syndrome requires further studies.
We reviewed the composition of gut microbiota (GM) in the presence of essential hypertension by analyzing Russian and foreign research publications from the database PubMed and Electronic Research eLibrary over the last 5 years from the position of evidence-based medicine. An analytical method has been used. A literature review indicated correlations between bacteria numbers and blood pressure level. Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. and also such short-chain fatty acid producers as Bifidobacterium spp., Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were shown to have inverse and direct links with blood pressure level in patients with essential hypertension. Lactobacillus spp. take part in blood pressure regulation in case of excessive salt consumption. The recent studies confirm the role of GM in the development of essential hypertension. Certain bacterial genus and species of GM producing short-chain fatty acids require further studies.
Dementia and, in particular, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), affects millions of people around the world and its prevalence is steadily rising annually. Some risk factors for AD, such as age, cannot be modified, while others could possibly be corrected. In recent years, many studies are tackling the problem of the oral and gut microbiota as a provoking factor for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, but their relationship and specific pathophysiological mechanisms remain understudied. The microbiota of the oral cavity can be of particular importance due to the specificity of microorganisms and their localization, as well as the possibility of provoking neuroinflammation, which requires further study. This review covers the specific features of the oral microbiota, current views on the pathophysiological role of the oral microbiota in the development of AD, as well as the beneficial role of probiotics. The study of this issue can have an important practical application both for the early diagnosis of AD, and for its further treatment.
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