The regulatory role between ischemia related factors and antimicrobial peptides in congenital intra-abdominal adhesions has not yet been defined. The aim of this research was to investigate the appearance and relative distribution of VEGF, HBD-2, and HGF in congenital intra-abdominal adhesions compared with relatively healthy tissue controls. The study group material was obtained from 48 patients who underwent abdominal surgery due to partial or complete bowel obstruction. VEGF, HBD-2, and HGF were detected using immunohistochemistry methods and their relative distribution was evaluated by means of the semiquantitative counting method. The results were analyzed using nonparametric statistic methods. A moderate number of VEGF positive endotheliocytes were detected, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. In the experimental group, a moderate to high number of VEGF positive macrophages was observed. In control group tissues, such macrophages were seen in significantly lower number (U = 61.0, p = 0.001). The increase of VEGF positive cells indicates support of angiogenesis due to the hypoxic conditions in case of adhesion disease. The number of HBD-2 marked fibroblasts and macrophages was moderate to high, but only few positive endotheliocytes were observed. Persisting appearance of HBD-2 positive structures might be a result of the inflammatory process. Most specimens showed occasional HGF positive macrophages and fibroblasts and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. The relatively weak appearance of HGF suggests that the lack of this factor promotes the formation of fibrotic changes in case of intra-abdominal adhesions.
Several cytokines have been studied for their potential role in adhesion formation. Regulatory role between the cytokine pathways has not yet to be defined. This study was designed to investigate the relation between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in congenital intra-abdominal adhesions. Tissue samples used for research were obtained from abdominal surgery due to obstructive gut malrotation and several additional pathologies (rectal atresia without perforation, omphalocele). All tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry for interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-10. The number of immunoreactive structures was graded semiquantitatively. Occasionally to moderate number of IL-1, IL-4, and IL-8 positive inflammatory cells and fibroblasts were observed in tissue. Few to moderate connective tissue cells contained IL-6, but moderate to numerous-IL-7 and IL-10. Statistically significant correlation was found between IL-7 and IL-1 (rs=0.471, P=0.001), IL-4 (rs=0.491, P<0.001), IL-8 (rs=0.440, P=0.001), IL-10 (rs=0.433, P=0.002). The relatively common finding of IL-6 in adhesions points out the relevance of lymphocyte balance regulation of an ongoing inflammation and regenerative processes. The coherence between the inflammation mediator IL-7 and other proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines suggests about activation of macrophages and chronic inflammatory aggregate formation. The essential IL-10 and less distinct IL-1 findings in the adhesion material points out strong local defense reactions.
Background: Fetal growth is determined by the interaction between mother and fetus using the placental interface throughout the pregnancy. Objective: To research apoptosis and appearance of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in placentas of different gestational ages and to describe the anthropometrical and clinical indices of mothers and newborns. Materials and Methods: The study material was obtained from 53 human immunodeficiency virus negative pregnant women of legal age without systemic diseases. The staining of placental apoptotic cells was processed by a standard in situ cell death detection kit. The detection of HGF was provided by the ImmunoCruz goat ABC Staining System protocol sc-2023. Relative distribution of positive structures was evaluated using the semiquantitative counting method. Results: The mean rank value of the amount of HGF-containing cells (cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts, Höfbauer cells, and cells of extraembryonic mesoderm) was 1.61 ± 0.94. Apoptotic cells (cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts, and cells of extraembryonic mesoderm) were found in all placental samples of various gestational ages (term 13.00 ± 13.05 and preterm 27.00 ± 18.25); in general, their amount decreased with advancing gestational age of the placenta (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Weight of a placenta directly depends on the gestational age and correlates with the main fetal anthropometrical parameters (weight, length, and head and chest circumferences). The decrease in HGF-containing and apoptotic cells with advancing gestation depends on the adaptation potential of the placenta, proving the other ways of cellular disposition. Key words: Pregnancy, Placenta, Gestational age, Apoptosis, Immunohistochemistry.
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