There is accumulating evidence that sleep as well as awake offline processing is important for the transformation of new experiences into long-term memory (LTM). Yet much remains to be understood about how various cognitive factors influence the efficiency of awake offline processing. In the present study we investigated how changes in attention and context in the immediate period after exposure to new visual information influences LTM consolidation. After presentation of multiple naturalistic scenes within a working memory paradigm, recognition was assessed 30 min and 24 h later in three groups of subjects. One group of subjects engaged in a focused attention task [the Revised Attentional Network Task (R-ANT)] in the 30 min after exposure to the scenes. Another group of subjects remained in the testing room during the 30 min after scene exposure and engaged in no goal- or task-directed activities. A third group of subjects left the testing room and returned 30 min later. A signal detection analysis revealed no significant differences among the three groups in hits, false alarms, or sensitivity on the 30-min recognition task. At the 24-h recognition test, the group that performed the R-ANT made significantly fewer hits compared to the group that left the testing room and did not perform the attention ask. The group that performed the R-ANT and the group that remained in the testing room during the 30-min post-exposure interval made significantly fewer false alarms on the 24-h recognition test compared to the group that left the testing room. The group that stayed in the testing room and engaged in no goal- or task-directed activities exhibited significantly higher sensitivity (d′) compared to the group that left the testing room and the group that performed the R-ANT task. Staying in the same context after exposure to new information and resting quietly with minimal engagement of attention results in the best ability to distinguish old from novel visual stimuli after 24 h. These findings suggest that changes in attentional demands and context during an immediate post-exposure offline processing interval modulate visual memory consolidation in a subtle but significant manner.
These results suggest that oral pathologies, such as dental and periodontal abscesses in rhesus macaques are fairly common, which may indicate familial effects interwoven with ecological and social factors. The closeness of the rhesus and human genomes allows insights to understand of the epidemiology of these diseases in the human population. Further assessment of the role played by environmental and familial factors on rhesus oral health and disease are warranted.
Background This study aimed to determine the differences among various volumes of condylar osseous patterns and the corresponding dentoskeletal characteristics based on the risk of temporomandibular disorder. Methods Craniofacial spiral computed tomography data of 60 Class II hyperdivergent female adults were divided into normal, resorptive, flattened, and osteophyte groups based on condylar osseous forms. The condylar volumes of each group were compared, and their correlations with the dentoskeletal characteristics were assessed in three dimensions. Pairwise least significant difference tests were used to examine individual pairwise differences between groups, and one-way analysis of variance was used to measure differences among multiple groups. Pearson correlation and Spearman rank correlation analyses were used to determine the correlation between condylar volume and dentofacial characteristics. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. Results The condylar volume in the normal group was significantly greater than that in the changed groups, with no significant differences between the subgroups. The decrease in condylar volume was associated with a retruded and clockwise-rotated mandible with shorter rami. Condylar volume was negatively correlated with overjet, the alveolar height of the lower anterior and posterior teeth, sagittal inclinations of the lower teeth, intermolar width of the mandibular first molars, and width between the corresponding alveolar crests. Conclusion Multiple three-dimensional dentoskeletal characteristics of Class II hyperdivergent female adults are correlated with condylar bony changes, regardless of the form. These results could be helpful in indicating potential pathological changes in the temporomandibular joint and in making proper treatment plans for these patients.
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