Background: Computer Tomography (CT) screening can detect lung cancer early but suffers a high false positive rate. There is a need for molecular biomarkers that can distinguish malignant and benign indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPN) detected by CT scan. Methods: We profiled antibodies against 901 individual microbial antigens from 27 bacteria and 29 viruses in sera from 127 lung adenocarcinoma (ADC), 123 smoker controls (SMC), 170 benign nodule controls (BNC) individuals using protein microarrays to identify ADC and BNC specific anti-microbial antibodies. Results: Analyzing 4th quartile odds ratios, we found more antibodies with higher prevalence in the 3 BNC subgroups than in ADC or SMC. We demonstrated that significantly more anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies showed higher prevalence in ADC relative to SMC. We performed subgroup analysis and found that more antibodies with higher prevalence in light smokers (≤ 20 pack-years) compared with heavy smokers (> 20 pack-years), in BNC with nodule size > 1cm than in those with <= 1cm nodules, and in stage I ADC than in stage II and III ADC. We performed multivariate analysis and constructed antibody panels that can distinguish ADC vs. SMC and ADC vs. BNC with area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.88 and 0.80, respectively. Conclusions: Anti-microbial antibodies have the potential to reduce the false positive rate of CT screening and provide interesting insight in lung cancer development. Impact: Microbial infection plays an important role in lung cancer development and the formation of benign pulmonary nodules.

The clinical presentations of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic to critical illness that may lead to intensive care or even death. The health of the immune system, as partially shaped by past infections or vaccinations, is critical to control and resolve the infection.

Supplementary Table S2 from Comparative Microbiomics Analysis of Antimicrobial Antibody Response between Patients with Lung Cancer and Control Subjects with Benign Pulmonary Nodules

Supplementary Table S1 from Comparative Microbiomics Analysis of Antimicrobial Antibody Response between Patients with Lung Cancer and Control Subjects with Benign Pulmonary Nodules

Supplementary Figure S3 from Comparative Microbiomics Analysis of Antimicrobial Antibody Response between Patients with Lung Cancer and Control Subjects with Benign Pulmonary Nodules