Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent primary liver cancer that is derived from hepatocytes and is characterised by high mortality rate and poor prognosis. While HCC is driven by cumulative changes in the hepatocyte genome, it is increasingly recognised that the liver microenvironment plays a pivotal role in HCC propensity, progression and treatment response. The microenvironmental stimuli that have been recognised as being involved in HCC pathogenesis are diverse and include intrahepatic cell subpopulations, such as immune and stellate cells, pathogens, such as hepatitis viruses, and non-cellular factors, such as abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) and tissue hypoxia. Recently, a number of novel environmental influences have been shown to have an equally dramatic, but previously unrecognized, role in HCC progression. Novel aspects, including diet, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microflora and circulating microvesicles, are now being recognized as increasingly important in HCC pathogenesis. This review will outline aspects of the HCC microenvironment, including the potential role of GIT microflora and microvesicles, in providing new insights into tumourigenesis and identifying potential novel targets in the treatment of HCC.
This article studies the determinants of the achievement gap between secondgeneration immigrants and natives in Italy, investigating the role played by economic resources, cultural-capital background, pupils' aspirations and ethnic schoolsegregation dynamics -the main factors emphasized in the literature. In addition, we verify to what extent second-generation status exerts an independent effect on early school performance, net of the abovementioned determinants. The Italian case is compared with those of France and Germany. As to the main results, we find that, in Italy, second-generation status per se is also a determinant; ethnic schoolsegregation dynamics and pupils' socio-economic background represent the most critical barriers. Similarly in Germany, the traditional determinants are not the only constraints faced by second-generation immigrants in achieving at least the same educational performance level as their native peers, suggesting that further analysis is needed. By contrast, in France, second-generation status has no residual effect on educational performance.
Paid reproductive work, especially in the case of cleaning and home-care for elderly people, is an important sector for foreign women in Italy. For this reason, since the beginning of the current economic crisis, scholars have wondered about the impact of the recession on migrant domestic workers. They have looked particularly at possible competition with Italian women entering the sector for lack of better alternatives. Our paper takes this discussion a step further by assessing the overall changes affecting migrant women in the Italian labour market, 2007-2012. We will look at how their position has been transformed, by taking both an ethnic perspective, in relation to Italian women, and a gender perspective, in relation to migrant men. By way of a conclusion, the argument will be made that there is a substantial lack of competition between Italian and foreign women in the care and domestic sector due to differences in their earnings, hours of work and activities. Keywords: Italy, domestic work, gender, ethnicity, economic crisis, labour market complementarity, migration. El empleo de las mujeres extranjeras en el trabajo reproductivo remunerado en la crisis: El caso de Italia (2007-2012) RESUMENEl trabajo reproductivo remunerado, especialmente por lo que hace a la limpieza y a los cuidados en el hogar de las personas mayores, constituye un sector importante para las mujeres extranjeras en Italia. Por esta razón, desde el comienzo de la actual crisis económica, los investigadores se han preguntado por el impacto de la recesión en las trabajadoras domésticas migrantes. Se han interesado, sobre todo, por la posible competencia con las mujeres italianas que se incorporan a este sector debido a la carencia de alternativas más atractivas. Nuestro artículo va un paso más allá de este debate evaluando el conjunto de los cambios que han afectado a las mujeres en el mercado de trabajo italiano desde 2007 a 2012. Analizamos cómo se ha transformado su posición, adoptando tanto una perspectiva étnica, en relación con las mujeres italianas, como una perspectiva de género, por lo que se refiere a los varones migrantes. Anna Di Bartolomeo & Sabrina MarchettiMigrant women´s employment 58 Investigaciones Feministas Vol. 7 Núm 1 (2016) 57-74 A modo de conclusión, se plantea que no se constata una competencia relevante entre las mujeres italianas y extranjeras en el sector doméstico y de cuidados, debido a las diferencias existentes en las ganancias, las horas trabajadas y las actividades laborales desempeñadas. Palabras clave: Italia, trabajo doméstico, género, etnia, crisis económica, complementariedad del mercado de trabajo, migración.
Low economic growth rates are a common problem in many developed countries in Europe. This paper aims to highlight the possible role of demographic factors. Problems of low growth may be exacerbated by an increase in dependency ratios. However, large-scale migrations have been shown to positively affect the age composition of a population. Focusing on Italy, we estimate the impact of migration on the working age population ratio, population size and gross domestic product. We also show that migration may affect the economic gap between the North and South, posing a new potential problem to policymakers.
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