The occurrence of extreme windstorms and increasing heat and drought events induced by climate change leads to severe damage and stress in coniferous forests, making trees more vulnerable to spruce bark beetle infestations. The combination of abiotic and biotic disturbances in forests can cause drastic environmental and economic losses. The first step to containing such damage is establishing a monitoring framework for the early detection of vulnerable plots and distinguishing the cause of forest damage at scales from the management unit to the region. To develop and evaluate the functionality of such a monitoring framework, we first selected an area of interest affected by windthrow damage and bark beetles at the border between Italy and Austria in the Friulian Dolomites, Carnic and Julian Alps and the Carinthian Gailtal. Secondly, we implemented a framework for time-series analysis with open-access Sentinel-2 data over four years (2017–2020) by quantifying single-band sensitivity to disturbances. Additionally, we enhanced the framework by deploying vegetation indices to monitor spectral changes and perform supervised image classification for change detection. A mean overall accuracy of 89% was achieved; thus, Sentinel-2 imagery proved to be suitable for distinguishing stressed stands, bark-beetle-attacked canopies and wind-felled patches. The advantages of our methodology are its large-scale applicability to monitoring forest health and forest-cover changes and its usability to support the development of forest management strategies for dealing with massive bark beetle outbreaks.
The occurrence of extreme windstorms and increasing heat and drought events induced by climate change leads to coniferous forests showing severe damage and stress and making trees more vulnerable to spruce bark beetle infestations. The combination of abiotic and biotic disturbances in forests can cause drastic environmental and economic losses. The first step for containing such damage is the establishment of a monitoring framework for early detection of vulnerable plots and distinguishing the cause of forest damage at the scale from management unit to region. For developing and evaluating the functionality of such a monitoring framework, we first selected an area of interest affected by wind throw damages and bark beetles at the border between Italy and Austria in the Friulian Dolomites, Carnic and Julian Alps and the Carinthian Gailtal. Secondly, we implemented a framework for time-series analysis with open access Sentinel-2 data over four years (2017-2020) by quantifying single band sensitivity to disturbances. Additionally, we enhanced the framework by deploying vegetation indices, for monitoring spectral changes and performing supervised image classifications for change detection. A mean overall accuracy of 89% was achieved, thus Sentinel-2 imagery proved to be suitable for distinguishing stressed stands, bark beetle attacked canopies and wind fell patches. The advantages of our methodology are its global, large-scale and “FAIR” principles compliant applicability to monitor forest health, forest cover change and its usability to support the development of forest management strategies for dealing with massive bark beetle outbreaks.
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