Background Skeletal muscle in the trunk derives from the somites, paired segments of paraxial mesoderm. Whereas axial musculature develops within the somite, appendicular muscle develops following migration of muscle precursors into lateral plate mesoderm. The development of muscles bridging axial and appendicular systems appears mixed. Results We examine development of three migratory muscle precursor‐derived muscles in zebrafish: the sternohyoideus (SH), pectoral fin (PF), and posterior hypaxial (PHM) muscles. We show there is an anterior to posterior gradient to the developmental gene expression and maturation of these three muscles. SH muscle precursors exhibit a long delay between migration and differentiation, PF muscle precursors exhibit a moderate delay in differentiation, and PHM muscle precursors show virtually no delay between migration and differentiation. Using lineage tracing, we show that lateral plate contribution to the PHM muscle is minor, unlike its known extensive contribution to the PF muscle and absence in the ventral extension of axial musculature. Conclusions We propose that PHM development is intermediate between a migratory muscle mode and an axial muscle mode of development, wherein the PHM differentiates after a very short migration of its precursors and becomes more anterior primarily by elongation of differentiated muscle fibers.
Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Middletown, Connecticut June, 2017 viii 4.2. Cellular mechanisms that determine the LSF 4.2.1. Somatic LPM expansion around the yolk 4.2.2. Partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition 4.2.3. PHM progenitors retain epithelial characteristics 4.3. Future Directions 4.3.1. Mapping the frontier in less derived teleosts and Chondrichthyes 4.3.2. Manipulating the LSF in zebrafish 5. Discussion of Evolutionary Significance 5.1. Comparing the LSF between vertebrate lineages 5.2. The LSF in zebrafish 5.3. Evolutionary origins of the abaxial domain 6. Conclusion 7. Figures 8. References
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