Purpose: The article presents, in a multidimensional perspective, the instruments applied in EU member states to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the tourism sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: Research conducted in the article was based on secondary data. Research methods applied in the paper include critical review of literature, method of comparative analysis and secondary data analysis. Findings: The outcome of the article is the identification of actions undertaken in EU member states to support the tourism sector and original elaboration on the scheme of instruments used by EU authorities and countries in order to limit the epidemic risk in tourism. Practical Implications: The analysis and evaluation carried out in the article demonstrated that risk management in EU member states' tourist sectors at the time of pandemic requires integrated protective measures. The results may be used to develop a long-term strategy for the EU's tourism sector and programmes for prevention of crisis outcomes in other sectors of the economy as well. Originality/value: In the perspective presented herein, issues related to the epidemic risk in the tourism sector, discussed in the article, have not been the subject of scientific analyses in domestic or foreign literature.
The aim of the article is to determine the impact of social determinants on saving for old age with regards to income. The study presents two models of logistic regression. The first one includes only social determinants of family members among independent variables, while the second one includes also income. The results of logistic regression in the model excluding income showed that such variables as gender, age, years of education, place of residence or number of household members have a significant impact on saving for old age. Moreover, another conclusion drawn from the results is that after including income in the model (which turned out to be statistically significant) almost all social determinants remain significant. Therefore, income is a significant variable which affects the odds ratio of owning old-age savings by a household, so financial determinants are important, when we want to study the level of savings. The research presented in the article comes from the representative nationwide study the Social Diagnosis which was conducted among 11,740 households in Poland in 2015.
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