Objectives: The prevalence of hypertensive emergencies and urgencies and of acute hypertension-mediated organ damage (aHMOD) in emergency departments is unknown. Moreover, the predictive value of symptoms, blood pressure (BP) levels and cardiovascular risk factors to suspect the presence of aHMOD is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hypertensive emergencies and hypertensive urgencies in emergency departments and of the relative frequency of subtypes of aHMOD, as well as to assess the clinical variables associated with aHMOD. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, OVID, and Web of Science from their inception to 22 August 2019. Two independent investigators extracted study-level data for a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Eight studies were analysed, including 1970 hypertensive emergencies and 4983 hypertensive urgencies. The prevalence of hypertensive emergencies and hypertensive urgencies was 0.3 and 0.9%, respectively [odds ratio for hypertensive urgencies vs. hypertensive emergencies 2.5 (1.4–4.3)]. Pulmonary oedema/heart failure was the most frequent subtype of aHMOD (32%), followed by ischemic stroke (29%), acute coronary syndrome (18%), haemorrhagic stroke (11%), acute aortic syndrome (2%) and hypertensive encephalopathy (2%). No clinically meaningful difference was found for BP levels at presentations. Hypertensive urgency patients were younger than hypertensive emergency patients by 5.4 years and more often complained of nonspecific symptoms and/or headache, whereas specific symptoms were more frequent among hypertensive emergency patients. Conclusion: Hypertensive emergencies and hypertensive urgencies are a frequent cause of access to emergency departments, with hypertensive urgencies being significantly more common. BP levels alone do not reliably predict the presence of aHMOD, which should be suspected according to the presenting signs and symptoms.
Carfilzomib is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). It seems to determine cardiovascular toxicity, primarily arterial hypertension. No predictive factors for cardiovascular adverse events (CVAEs) are known in patients affected by multiple myeloma treated with carfilzomib. We evaluated the role of cardiovascular organ damage parameters to predict CVAEs in MM patients taking carfilzomib. Seventy patients affected by MM were prospectively enrolled. A comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation was performed before carfilzomib therapy; they underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram and the assessment of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. All the patients were followed up (FU) to determine the incidence of CVAEs. The mean age was 60.3 ± 8.2, and 51% were male. The median FU was 9.3 (4.3; 20.4) months. A proportion of 33% experienced CVAEs, 91% of them had uncontrolled hypertension, 4.5% acute coronary syndrome, and 4.5% cardiac arrhythmias. Subjects with CVAEs after carfilzomib treatment had significantly higher blood pressure values, left ventricular mass (98 ± 23 vs. 85 ± 17 g/m2, p = 0.01), and pulse wave velocity (8.5 ± 1.7 vs. 7.5 ± 1.6 m/s, p = 0.02) at baseline evaluation compared to the others. Furthermore, baseline uncontrolled blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, and pulse wave velocity ≥ 9 m/s were able to identify patients at higher risk of developing CVAEs during FU. These preliminary findings indicate that blood pressure control, left ventricular mass, and pulse wave velocity may predict CVAEs in MM patients treated with carfilzomib.
Background: Ascending aorta (ASC) dilatation (AAD) is a common finding in arterial hypertension, affecting about 15% of hypertensive patients. AAD is associated with an increase in cardiac and vascular hypertension-related organ damage, but its prognostic role is unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of AAD as predictor of cardiovascular events in essential hypertensive patients.Methods: Recruited patients underwent two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography from 2007 to 2013 and followed-up for cardiovascular events until November 2018 by phone call and hospital information system check. ASC diameter and AAD were defined using both absolute and scaled definitions. Four hundred and twenty-three hypertensive patients were included in our study.Results: During a median follow-up of 7.4 years (interquartile range 5.6-9.1 years), 52 events were observed. After adjusting for age, sex and BSA, both ASC diameter and AAD definition, according to ARGO-SIIA project, resulted associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular event (both P < 0.010), even after adjusting for major confounders (both P < 0.010). Moreover, we observed that the assessment of ASC improves risk stratification compared with pulse wave velocity alone, and that in absence of AAD, sinus of valsalva dilatation lost any prognostic value (P ¼ 0.262).Conclusions: ASC diameter and AAD are both associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular events. ASC should be assessed to optimize risk stratification in hypertensive patients and its dilatation may be considered as a surrogate for vascular organ damage.
Background: Aortic dilatation is common in hypertensive patients and is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events. Parameters predicting further dilatation during lifetime are poorly understood. Aim: To predict the midterm aortic diameter evolution in a cohort of hypertensive patients with known aortic dilatation at Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) level. Methods: We prospectively analyzed a cohort of essential hypertensive outpatients without any other known risk factor for aortic dilatation. They underwent serial echocardiographic evaluations from 2003 to 2016. Results: Two hundred and forty-two hypertensive outpatients with a mild-to-moderate (37–53 mm) aortic dilatation were followed up for at least 5 years. Mean growth rate was 0.08 ± 0.35 mm/year. No clinical or anthropometric parameters were significantly different in patients with and without aortic diameter increase. Aortic z score (number of standard deviations from the average value observed in the general population) at baseline was inversely associated with growth rate (R 2 0.04, P < 0.05). Aortic diameter at first visit, demographic and echocardiographic variables were major determinants of aortic diameter at second visit, accounting for about 90% of its total variability. Conclusion: Mean growth rate of proximal aorta in hypertensive patients with known aortic dilatation was of about 0.1 mm/year. Dilatation over time is slower in patients with increased rather than normal aortic z score. Eventually, it could be possible to reliably predict aortic diameter at few months from first visit.
Objective: The prevalence of hypertensive emergencies (HEs) and urgencies (HUs) and of acute hypertension-mediated organ damage (aHMOD) in emergency departments (EDs) is unknown. Moreover, the predictive value of symptoms, blood pressure (BP) levels and cardiovascular risk factors to suspect the presence of aHMOD is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of HEs and HUs in EDs and of the relative frequency of subtypes of aHMOD, as well as to assess the clinical variables associated with aHMOD. Design and method: We conducted a systematic literature search on Pubmed, OVID and Web of Science from their inception to August 22, 2019. Two independent investigators extracted study-level data for a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Eight studies were analysed, including 1970 HEs and 4983 HUs. The prevalence of HEs and HUs was 0.3% and 0.9%, respectively (O.R.for HUs vs HEs:2.5 (1.4–4.3)). Pulmonary oedema/heart failure was the most frequent subtype of aHMOD (32%), followed by ischemic stroke (29%), acute coronary syndrome (18%), haemorragic stroke (11%), acute aortic syndrome (2%) and hypertensive encephalopathy (2%). No clinically meaningful difference was found for BP levels at presentations. HU patients were younger than HE patients by 5.4 years and more often complained of non-specific symptoms and/or headache, while specific symptoms were more frequent among HE patients. Conclusions: HEs and HUs are a frequent cause of access to EDs, with HUs being significantly more common. BP levels alone do not reliably predict the presence of aHMOD, which should be suspected according to the presenting signs and symptoms.
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