The document presents the results of a comparative legal analysis dedicated to the constitutions of the European states regarding the identification of norms that guarantee the freedom of the social media in them. Methodologically the study was built on the basis of a dialectical approach to the dissemination of legal phenomena and processes using general scientific methods (systemic, logical, analysis and synthesis) and particular. By way of conclusion, all the evidence shows that, in the most common version, the constitutional regulation of guarantees is concise and includes only the recognition or guarantee of the freedom of the media together with the prohibition of censorship. In more detailed versions, prohibitive or regulatory rules may indicate specific types of liability, administrative procedures, etc. For federal states, it is typical to pay special attention to press matters within the scope of jurisdiction issues.
This article presents the results of a comparative legal analysis of the constitutions of the countries of South Africa regarding the consolidation of the constitutional spheres of interaction of the chambers of parliaments in them. The study showed that the typical (universal) areas of interaction between the chambers of parliament include: the legislative sphere; the security sphere and the control sphere. The international sphere, which involves the interaction of the chamber of parliament on the ratification of international treaties (Eswatini, South Africa), is atypical for the states of the studied group of countries. We concluded during the study that the typical and atypical areas of interaction between the chambers of parliament in the South Africa reflect both the established practice and the independent approaches of states to the constitutional formalization of the joint powers of the chambers of parliament.
This paper examines the constitutional approaches accepted in the Central African countries regarding the formalization of interaction between the chambers of parliaments. The study found that all constitutional texts of the considered group of countries as a universal (typical) form of interaction between the chambers of parliament consolidate the adoption of legislative acts; joint meetings (on the taking of their oath by the heads of states or members of the Constitutional Court, making a decision on the introduction of a state of emergency or siege in the country, dismissing the head of state, appointing officials, etc.); the formation of joint commissions and supreme bodies of state power, and the appointment of officials. It was noted that despite the "constitutional equality" of the chambers in terms of introducing bills, financial bills are submitted exclusively to the lower chamber of parliament. The ratification of international treaties by the chambers of parliament (Gabon, Congo) is classified as an atypical (specific) form of interaction between the chambers of parliaments.
Este artículo presenta el análisis del autor de los textos constitucionales de los países sudamericanos sobre la consolidación de campos de interacción universal entre las cámaras de los parlamentos. En el transcurso del estudio, se encontró que los campos de interacción típicos (universales) entre las cámaras del parlamento están representados por el ámbito legislativo (implementado en el transcurso de la adopción de leyes, celebrando reuniones conjuntas en diversas ocasiones); ámbito organizativo y de personal (prevé la participación consolidada de las cámaras durante la formación de los poderes públicos, así como el nombramiento de los funcionarios); la esfera de control, que está representada por tres tipos: personal y control (relacionado con la implementación del procedimiento de acusación contra el jefe de Estado, renuncia de altos funcionarios del Estado, expresión de desconfianza en el gobierno), organizacional y de control (se refiere a la formación de comisiones conjuntas permanentes y temporales por las cámaras del parlamento) y control financiero (asume la participación consolidada de las cámaras para la aprobación del presupuesto estatal); el ámbito internacional (se refiere a las actividades conjuntas de las cámaras en el curso de la ratificación o denuncia de tratados internacionales, la declaración del estado de guerra o la concertación de la paz). Se concluye que las esferas típicas de interacción entre las cámaras parlamentarias en los países sudamericanos demuestran los enfoques del legislador para el desarrollo de la interacción entre las cámaras parlamentarias.
This article analyzes the constitutions of South American countries for determining the constitutional formats of guaranteeing the freedom of expression. The goal of this research lies in systematization of the variants of constitutional articulation of the freedom of speech, determination of the constitutional approaches towards formalization of the freedom of speech and the “watershed” between them. Research methodology leans on the general scientific techniques and methods of scientific cognition: formal-legal, linguistic-legal and comparative-legal methods for examining the constitutional texts of South American countries, regulation and articulation of the conceptual versions of the freedom of expression reflected therein. The scientific novelty is defined by the absence within the constitutional-legal science of comprehensive research on articulation of the freedom of speech in the constitutions of the countries of South America. The main conclusions are as follows: the examined constitutional texts contain provisions that have grounds to be interpreted in relation to the freedom of speech; most common constitutional versions imply the freedom of expression of idea, the freedom of thought and opinion, and the freedom of opinion. It is determined that the freedom of expression of ideas, thoughts, and opinions in the constitutional texts is articulated equally through both, right and freedom. The authors also indicate the “watershed” between thought, opinion, and idea.
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