The dissociation of CO2 gas hydrates (GH) with amino acid kinetic promoters and without promoters was studied at a high temperature of 90 °C for a period of 20 min to understand the percentage of CO2 gas and to select the best promoter that aids CO2 gas entrapment along with stability at a high temperature. The possibility of using four hydrophobic food grade amino acids, namely cysteine, valine, leucine, and methionine, and one surfactant, lecithin, as kinetic promoters for CO2 GH has been studied. The amino acids were added 0.5 g (wt%), and lecithin was added 5 g for the GH production. Furthermore, the amino acids leucine and methionine gave some positive results, therefore, these amino acids were carried further for the experimentation purpose in the production of CO2 GH. Also, a combinational use of these amino acids was studied to investigate the effect on % CO2 retention in comparison to the normal GH. From the results, it was observed that the stability of GH decreases with an increase in temperature, but the addition of promoters, especially leucine + methionine + lecithin increased the CO2 uptake during GH formation.
Gas (guest) molecules are trapped in hydrogen-bonded water molecules to form gas hydrates (GH), non-stoichiometric solids that resemble ice. High pressure and low temperature are typical conditions for their development, with van der Waals forces joining the host and guest molecules. This article study investigates the application of CO2 gas hydrates (CO2 GH) as a leavening agent in baking, with particular reference to the production of wheat bread. The main intention of this study is to better understand the complex bread dough formed by CO2 GH and its impact on product quality. This may enable the adaptation of CO2 GH in baking applications, such as those that can specifically influence wheat bread properties, and so the final bread quality. The present research further examines the comparative evaluation of yeast bread with the GH bread’s impact on bread quality parameters. The amount of GH was varied from 10 to 60%/amount of flour for the GH breads. The GH breads were compared with the standard yeast bread for different quality parameters such as volume, texture, and pore analysis. The results show that the bread with 20% and 40% GH obtained the best results in terms of volume and pore size. Moreover, this article also sheds some light on the future applications of the use of CO2 GH as leavening agents in foods. This knowledge could help to create new procedures and criteria for improved GH selection for applications in bread making and other bakery or food products.
The aim of this study is to examine how CO2 gas hydrates (CO2 GH) are used in baking, notably in the creation of wheat bread, as a leavening agent. CO2 GH were produced with the use of food grade amino acids called promoters. The article emphasizes an interesting approach by using a hybrid combination of yeast and CO2 GH. The current study is based on a comparative evaluation of leavening agents in bread with (1) GH with promoters (20–70% GH) and (2) GH with promoters + yeast as a partial replacement (25–75%). The results obtained are then also compared with those of standard yeast bread along with the effects on wheat bread quality parameters such as volume, specific volume, hardness, moisture content, baking loss, and pore size. The GH bread with promoters had baking losses that were equivalent to the quality of traditional yeast bread. The breads with 60% and 70% GH with promoters had the best outcomes when compared with standard yeast bread. When a combination of CO2 GH with promoters (20–70%) and yeast (25–75%) was used in the study, the best combinations were obtained with 70% GH + 50% yeast and 70% GH + 75% yeast. Additionally, this article clarifies some potential future uses for CO2 GH as leavening agents in the bread industry, with a discussion of potential limitations as well as the cost efficiency of the developed technology. This information could help in the creation of new methods and standards for better CO2 GH selection for usage in other bakery goods.
This article brings together the application of ice-like CO2 gas hydrates (GH) as a leavening agent in wheat bread along with the incorporation of some natural gelling agents or flour improvers into the bread to enhance the textural properties of the wheat bread. The gelling agents used for the study were ascorbic acid (AC), egg white (EW), and rice flour (RF). These gelling agents were added to the GH bread containing different amounts of GH (40, 60, and 70% GH). Moreover, a combination of these gelling agents in a wheat GH bread recipe was studied for each respective percentage of GH. The combinations of gelling agents used in the GH bread were as follows: (1) AC, (2) RF + EW, and (3) RF + EW + AC. The best combination of GH wheat bread was 70% GH + AC + EW + RF combination. The primary goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of the complex bread dough created by CO2 GH and its influence on product quality when certain gelling agents are added to the dough. Moreover, the prospect of managing and modifying wheat bread attributes by the use of CO2 GH with the addition of natural gelling agents has not yet been researched and is a fresh idea in the food industry.
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