Most adolescents are placed in residential youth care (RYC) because of severe psychosocial strains and child maltreatment, which represent risk factors for developing mental disorders. To plan RYC units and ensure that residents receive evidence-based psychiatric interventions, it is necessary to obtain reliable and valid prevalence estimates of mental disorders in this population. However, there is a lacuna of research on diagnoses derived from standardized clinical interviews. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and comorbidity of mental disorders applying diagnostic interviews in an entire population of adolescents living in RYC in Norway. All young people in RYC were invited to participate in the study. Eighty-six RYC institutions with 601 eligible adolescents were included and 400 adolescents, 12–20 years old, participated in the study, yielding a response rate of 67 %. Anonymous Child Behaviour Checklist scores for 141 (70 %) of the declining residents were also available, allowing diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) for 541 youths to be estimated. Diagnoses were assessed by trained interviewers with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment interview (CAPA). Seventy-six point two per cent (71.5–80.8 CI 95 %) of adolescents received at least one 3-month DSM-IV diagnosis. Prevalence rates for internalizing psychiatric disorders were higher than for behavioural disorders. Comorbidity was high between these two groups. Mental disorders were prevalent among children and youth in RYC. Our results create major concerns and challenge the existing organization of the RYC system.

BackgroundBeing born with very low birth weight (VLBW: ≤1500 g) is related to long-term disability and neurodevelopmental problems, possibly affecting mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, studies in young adulthood yield mixed findings. The aim of this study was to examine mental health and HRQoL at 23 years, including changes from 20 to 23 years and associations with motor skills in VLBW young adults compared with controls.MethodsIn a geographically based follow-up study, 35 VLBW and 37 term-born young adults were assessed at 23 years by using Achenbach Adult Self-Report (ASR), Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and various motor tests. The ASR and SF-36 were also used at 20 years. Longitudinal changes in ASR and SF-36 from 20 to 23 years were analysed by linear mixed models and associations with motor skills at 23 years by linear regression.ResultsAt 23 years, total ASR score was 38.6 (SD: 21.7) in the VLBW group compared with 29.0 (SD: 18.6) in the control group (p = 0.048). VLBW participants had higher scores for attention problems, internalizing problems and critical items, and they reported to drink less alcohol than controls. BDI total score did not differ between groups. On SF-36, VLBW participants reported significantly poorer physical and social functioning, more role-limitations due to physical and emotional problems, more bodily pain and lower physical and mental component summaries than controls. In the VLBW group, total ASR score increased by 9.0 (95 % CI: 3.3 to 14.7) points from 20 to 23 years (p = 0.009 vs controls), physical and mental component summaries of SF-36 decreased by 2.9 (95 % CI: -4.8 to -1.1) and 4.4 (95 % CI: -7.1 to -1.7) points, respectively (p = 0.012 and p = 0.022 vs controls). Among VLBW participants, more mental health problems and lower physical and mental HRQoL were associated with poorer motor skills at 23 years.ConclusionsVLBW young adults reported poorer and declining mental health and HRQoL in the transitional phase into adulthood. They seemed to have a cautious lifestyle with more internalizing problems and less alcohol use. The associations of mental health problems and HRQoL with motor skills are likely to reflect a shared aetiology.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12955-016-0458-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Science Center at Brooklyn, New York 11203 /A. C. Y. IWe investigated early postnatal changes of the mesenteric circulation and its relationship to the systemic circulation in two groups of newborn infants. Group I (n = 10) was studied before the first feeding at 1 h and preprandially at 6 and 24 h. Group I1 (n = 10) was studied before the first feeding at 2 h of age and preprandially and postprandially at d 3, 4, and 5. Blood flow velocity was measured with ultrasound Doppler in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), middle cerebral artery, subclavian artery, and aortic orifice for cardiac output (CO) calculations. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. SMA mean velocity (Vmean) decreased from 1 [0.33 5 0.07 m/s (mean -c SD)] to 6 h (0.23 -c 0.08 m/s,p c 0.005) in group I, probably due to ductal steal, returning to the 1-h value at 24 h. In contrast, middle cerebral artery Vmean remained unchanged in the first 24 h. From d 3, SMA Vmean increased 92% postprandially, with no relation to increasing amounts of food. The postprandial increase in SMA Vmean was not associated with changes in CO and blood pressure; however, a fall in relative mesenteric vascular resistance suggested regional redistribution of CO. Middle cerebral artery Vmean increased from h 2 to d 3 with a further increase on d 4 (p < 0.01). This increase was associated with an increase in blood pressure. The relative fraction of CO to middle cerebral artery increased during the first days of life, suggesting a redistribution of blood flow to the metabolically active organs in the neonatal period. During the first days of life, the intestinal circulation must adapt to feeding and to changes occurring in the postnatal transitional circulation. Ultrasound imaging and Doppler techniques permit noninvasive studies of the circulatory adaptive changes during the early period after birth. Studies on superior mesenteric artery BFV by Van Be1 e t al.(1) showed that superior mesenteric artery BFV increased with gestational age and body weight, whereas Leidig (2) found an increasing fasting value after introduction of feeding and a definite postprandial increase.The objective of this study was to systematically investigate early postnatal changes of the mesenteric circulation as they relate to the overall hemodynamic adaptation in term infants. T o characterize these changes, we measured the mesenteric BFV from the first hours of life through the 5th d. We also examined changes in cardiac output, heart rate, blood pressure, and other regional circulations including that of a priority organ, the brain, and a secondary organ, the arm, during the first 5 d of life.The circulatory response to feeding was assessed from the 3rd to the 5th d of life. METHODSTwenty healthy term infants were included in the study. All infants were appropriate for gestational age and were born by normal vaginal delivery after uncomplicated pregnancies. The postnatal course was uneventful and the infants were all breast fed except for two infants who were formula fed on d 3.Because ...

Background: Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in the neonatal brain results in a prolonged injury process. Longitudinal studies using noninvasive methods can help elucidate the mechanisms behind this process. We have recently demonstrated that manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can depict areas with activated microglia and astrogliosis 7 days after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Objective: The current study aimed to follow brain injury after HI in rats longitudinally and compare manganese enhancement of brain areas to the development of injury and presence of reactive astrocytes and microglia. Methods: The Vannucci model for hypoxic-ischemic injury in the neonatal rat was used. Pups were injected with either MnCl₂ or saline after 6 h and again on day 41 after HI. Longitudinal MRI (T₁ weighted) was performed 1, 3, 7 and 42 days after HI. The brains were prepared for immunohistochemistry after the final MRI. Results: There was severe loss of cerebral tissue from day 7 to day 42 after HI. Most manganese-enhanced areas in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia at day 7 were liquefied after 42 days. Manganese-enhancement on day 42 corresponded to areas of activated microglia and reactive astrocytes in the remaining cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. However, the main area of enhancement was in the remaining thalamus in a calcified area surrounded by activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Conclusion: Manganese-enhanced MRI can be a useful tool for in vivo identification of cerebral tissue undergoing delayed cell death and liquefaction after HI. Manganese enhancement at a late stage seems to be related to the accumulation of manganese in calcifications and gliotic tissue.