In order to compare between in vivo toxicity studies, dosimetry is needed to translate study-specific dose regimens into dose metrics such as tissue concentration. These tissue concentrations may then be compared with in vitro bioactivity assays to perhaps identify mechanisms relevant to the lowest observed effect level (LOEL) dose group and the onset of the observed in vivo toxicity. Here, we examine the perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). We analyzed 9 in vivo toxicity studies for PFOA and 13 in vivo toxicity studies for PFOS. Both PFCs caused multiple effects in various test species, strains, and genders. We used a Bayesian pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling framework to incorporate data from 6 PFOA PK studies and 2 PFOS PK studies (conducted in 3 species) to predict dose metrics for the in vivo LOELs and no observed effect levels (NOELs). We estimated PK parameters for 11 combinations of chemical, species, strain, and gender. Despite divergent study designs and species-specific PK, for a given effect, we found that the predicted dose metrics corresponding to the LOELs (and NOELs where available) occur at similar concentrations. In vitro assay results for PFOA and PFOS from EPA's ToxCast project were then examined. We found that most in vitro bioactivity occurs at concentrations lower than the predicted concentrations for the in vivo LOELs and higher than the predicted concentrations for the in vivo NOELs (where available), for a variety of nonimmunological effects. These results indicate that given sufficient PK data, the in vivo LOELs dose regimens, but not necessarily the effects, could have been predicted from in vitro studies for these 2 PFCs.

Spatial heterogeneity of repolarization can provide a substrate for reentry to occur in myocardium. This heterogeneity may result from spatial differences in APD restitution. The restitution portrait (RP) measures many aspects of rate-dependent restitution: the dynamic restitution curve (RC), S1-S2 RC, and short-term memory response. We used the RP to characterize epicardial patterns of spatial heterogeneity of restitution that were repeatable across animals. NZW rabbit ventricles were paced from either the epicardial apex, mid-ventricle, or base, and optical action potentials were recorded from the same three regions. A perturbed downsweep pacing protocol was applied that measured the RP over a range of cycle lengths from 1000-140 ms. The time constant of short-term memory measured close to the stimulus was dependent on location. In the mid-ventricle the mean time constant was 19.1±1.1 sec, but it was 39% longer at the apex (p<0.01) and 23% longer at the base (p=0.03). The S1-S2 RC slope was dependent on pacing site (p=0.015), with steeper slope when pacing from the apex than from the base. There were no significant repeatable spatial patterns in steady-state APD at all cycle lengths or in dynamic RC slope. These results indicate that transient patterns of epicardial heterogeneity of APD may occur following a change in pacing rate. Thus, it may affect cardiac electrical stability at the onset of a tachycardia or during a series of ectopic beats. Differences in restitution with respect to pacing site suggest that vulnerability may be affected by the location of reentry or ectopic foci.

We present a high-efficiency, low-cost wavelength division multiplexer to record cardiac optical action potentials (APs) within the myocardial wall using optical fibers. APs with signal-to-noise ratio as high as 60, without spatial or temporal averaging, and as high as 200, with median-filtering, were recorded in rabbit ventricle.

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