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The advent of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals has refocused global attention on the roles of business and other nonstate actors in achieving global goals. Often, business involvement takes the form of collaborations with the more traditional actors-governments and non-governmental organizations. Although such partnerships for development have been seen before, the scale and expectations are new. This paper explores how and why these cross-sector collaborations are evolving, and what steps can or should be taken to ensure that partnerships create public and private value. The arguments are illustrated with reference to cases of market-driven partnerships for agriculture in Southeast Asia that are intended to engage marginalized smallholder farmers in global value chains in agriculture. The aims of these cross-sector collaborations coincide with several targets of the Sustainable Development Goals such as poverty alleviation, decreasing environmental impact, and achieving food security. This is a hard case for mechanisms intended to protect public interests, given that the target beneficiaries (low-income smallholder farmers and the environment) are unable to speak effectively for themselves.We find that structures and processes to align interestsThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
The challenges inherent in energy policy form an increasingly large proportion of the great issues of global governance. These energy challenges reflect numerous transnational market or governance failures, and their solutions are likely to require a number of global components that can support or constrain national energy policy. Governing energy globally requires approaches that can simultaneously cope with three realities: the highly fragmented and conflictual nature of the current inter-state system's efforts to govern energy; the diversity of institutions and actors relevant to energy; and the dominance of national processes of energy decision making that are not effectively integrated into global institutions. Policy Implications• The lack of clarity on and priorities for the objectives of global energy governance impedes coordination and communication.• The energy landscape is littered with governors and institutions. But because they have emerged in a pathdependent fashion, often in response to serial crisis, the result is an uncoordinated and inchoate landscape. There is now a compelling need to harness this diversity productively.• An emergent array of partnerships and networks are coming together, particularly with regard to clean energy finance, which provide possible sources of governance innovation but also have the potential for low levels of legitimacy and transparency.• National decision making continues to drive energy policy, in ways that are poorly coordinated both internally and with regard to global processes of governance. National energy policy processes need enormous improvement and need to be consciously coordinated with global processes. The Asian giants will be crucial actors in this regard. Why energy is a global governance challengeAlthough energy-related policy issues frequently dominate headlines, energy remains a surprising outlier in global governance debates. In the vast literatures on the shifting tides of globalization, the complexities of managing an increasingly multipolar world with a pronounced shift of power to Asia, and the rise of a dizzying array of nonstate actors, energy policy issues at best figure in occasional cameo appearances. We argue that energy policy deserves a leading role. The challenges inherent in energy policy form an increasingly large proportion of the great issues of global governance. These energy challenges have direct or indirect global components that support or constrain national policy options and private sector behaviors. We frame the range of energy-related global governance issues and briefly assess the current configuration of global energy governors and institutions. We aim to contribute to an emergent global conversation on how the rapid changes in world order shape, and are shaped by, energy-related developments. In this article, we use public goods theory to help identify key energy-related market and governance failures, highlight key obstacles to coherent global energy governance and suggest directions for a broader research ...
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