PTNS is a well-tolerated treatment with high acceptability in the majority of patients. It provides a sustained improvement in FI up to 42 months in a relatively noninvasive manner. The effect of PTNS diminishes with time and additional therapy sessions at 6 monthly intervals may result in greater improvements. PTNS ought to be considered as the first step in all patients with FI refractory to maximum conservative therapies.
A nationwide survey of the libraries in Canada’s 51 minimum, medium and maximum security federal correctional institutions was conducted in 2001 through a mailed questionnaire that received a 73 per cent response rate. The questionnaire was directed to the person in charge of the library. The survey gathered information about library staffing, library users, the size and composition of the collection, library funding and limitations on acquisitions and access imposed by the prison administration or the library staff because of subject matter, e.g. violent or sexual material. The results of the survey are set in the context of international prison library history and policy. Overall, the respondents said that their prison libraries were meeting offenders’ needs for recreational, cultural, educational and informative material, but that there was much room for improvement in funding for staff and collections. They also felt that their libraries were undervalued within the prison administration.
Interviews with the directors or program chairs of Canada's seven graduate schools of library and information studies revealed that schools face four common issues: (1) relocation within the university administrative structure or partnership with other academic units, (2) introduction of broader curriculum menus and more flexible course schedules, (3) closer liaison with industry for research funding advantage, and (4) introduction of courses and assignments which encourage entrepreneurial attitudes and abilities. Trends which emerged include the participation of some schools in "non-library" undergraduate programs, the increasing number of joint degree programs (an MLIS combined with another master's degree), the slow but steady emergence of distance education courses, and a concern with students' lack of enthusiasm for management courses. All but one Canadian school has at least one course that focuses on competitive intelligence strategies and/or entrepreneurial skills, which include long-range planning, risk-taking, applying business practices, and marketing.
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