The design of a compact wideband partial slotted ground rectangularprinted antenna is presented. The design approach utilizing the slotted partial ground plane is much more flexible for improving the antenna performance. A detailed design guideline to estimate the antenna dimensions is given, which is based on mathematical and parametric analysis. The effects of variation of length of the ground and slot position in the ground plane are investigated. The simulation has been performed by using HFSS V20 simulator. The designed antenna is meant for being operated in the C band of super-highfrequency (SHF) spectrum and in the n77 band (3.3-4.2 GHz) and n78 band (3.3-3.8 GHz) of frequency range 1 (FR1) in sub-6 GHz 5G-frequency bands. The designed antenna is showing a wide bandwidth (700 MHz) with a low-reflection coefficient of −31.15 dB. The wide bandwidth and compact size of the antenna makes it suitable for use in sub-6 GHz 5G compact wireless communication systems. The measured results of the antenna prototype are firmly authenticated with simulation estimations.

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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has emerged as a highly promising solution for wireless communication, offering an opportunity to overcome the limitations of traffic capacity in high-speed broadband wireless network access. By utilizing multiple antennas at both the transmitting and receiving ends, the MIMO system enhances the efficiency and performance of wireless communication systems. This manuscript specifies a comprehensive review of MIMO antenna design approaches for fifth generation (5G) and beyond. With an introductory glimpse of cellular generation and the frequency spectrum for 5G, profound key enabling technologies for 5G mobile communication are presented. A detailed analysis of MIMO performance parameters in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), mean effective gain (MEG), and isolation is presented along with the advantages of MIMO technology over conventional SISO systems. MIMO is characterized and the performance is compared based on wideband/ultra-wideband, multiband/reconfigurable, circular polarized wideband/circular polarized ultra-wideband/circular polarized multiband, and reconfigurable categories. The design approaches of MIMO antennas for various 5G bands are discussed. It is subsequently enriched with the detailed studies of wideband (WB)/ultra-wideband (UWB), multiband, and circular polarized MIMO antennas with different design techniques. A good MIMO antenna system should be well decoupled among different ports to enhance its performance, and hence isolation among different ports is a crucial factor in designing high-performance MIMO antennas. A summary of design approaches with improved isolation is presented. The manuscript summarizes the various MIMO antenna design aspects for NR FR-1 (new radio frequency range) and NR FR-2, which will benefit researchers in the field of 5G and forthcoming cellular generations.

In this article, the compact wideband elliptically slotted semi-circular patch radiator with the defected ground structure for sub-6 GHz applications is designed and developed. The proposed miniaturized patch radiator offers flexibility in adjusting the band of operation by varying the slot dimensions. The effective size reduction is achieved by comparing different iterations in the process of designing and the size of the regular circular-shaped radiator is reduced into the semi-circular radiating patch. The impact of the variation of effective radius of the semi-circular patch, major-axis radius of the elliptical slot, ground plane length, and feed line width is investigated. The size of the proposed radiator is 23.885 × 23.885 × 1.405 mm 3 . This compact structure manifests the wide bandwidth of 2140 MHz (3.2 GHz–5.34 GHz) with 50% of fractional bandwidth (FBW). The measured results show good agreement with the simulated results. The various parameters validate the utility of the radiator in the C band of super-high frequency (SHF) spectrum and n77 (3.3 GHz–4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3 GHz–3.8 GHz), and n79 (4.4 GHz–5 GHz) bands of the frequency range 1 (FR1) of the sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum.

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In this article, a frequency selective surface (FSS) based compact wideband printed antenna radiator with improved gain and directivity is proposed for sub-6 GHz 5G wireless networking applications. Due to their inherent property of possessing spatial filtering characteristics, FSSs are attracting the interest of researchers. An approach for increasing the gain and the directivity by integrating a band pass FSS on a compact built patch antenna radiator is proposed here. The architecture equations for designing the band pass FSS using double square loop geometry are defined. The printed patch antenna radiator (PAR) and a double square loop frequency selective surface (DSLFSS) are designed and integrated. The simulation results are verified using the results from the measuring setup. The output response is giving a fractional bandwith of 19.14% with 5.5 dBi gain and 6.2 dBi of directivity and thus makes it the good choice for 5G applications.

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