On-site sanitation has emerged as a preferred mode of sanitation in cities experiencing rapid urbanization due to the high cost involved in off-site sanitation which requires conventional sewerages. However, this practice has put severe stress on groundwater especially its quality. Under the above backdrop, a study has been undertaken to investigate the impact of on-site sanitation on quality of groundwater sources in two mega cities namely Indore and Kolkata which are situated in two different geological settings. The parameters for the studies are distance of groundwater source from place of sanitation, effect of summer and monsoon seasons, local hydro-geological conditions, and physico-chemical parameters. NO(3) and fecal coliform concentrations are considered as main indexes of pollution in water. Out of many conclusions which can be made from this studies, one major conclusion is about the influence of on-site sanitation on groundwater quality is minimal in Kolkata, whereas it is significant in Indore. This difference is due to the difference in hydrogeological parameters of these two cities, Kolkata being on alluvium quaternary and Indore being on Deccan trap of Cretaceous to Paleogene age.
Gelatin forms a weak complex with silver(1) in alkaline media. This complex was studied and was found to be suitable for the spectrophotometric determination of 0.65-2.62 yg ml-1 of hydrazine. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of hydrazine in water using simple, non-toxic and inexpensive chemicals. The molar absorptivity of the complex is 4.2 x 104 I mol-1 cm-1 for the spectrophotometric procedure. The proposed method has a relative standard deviation of 0.51%, a confidence limit (95%) for 13.000 pg of hydrazine (20 determinations) in solution of 12.985 +_ 0.031 and a Sandell sensitivity of 7.63 x 10-4 yg cm-2. The determination is free from interferences from a large number of foreign substances.
The transformer in flux current may be a transient current that happens in electrical devices has been charged. This current depends on completely different parameters probably the voltage magnitude, the switching on angle the permanent flux, the core physical phemeon characteristics, the primary circuit resistance, etc. To beat the issues arising owing to transients, these are required to be suppressed.In this paper, an easy and economical techniquie is conferred to limit the transient current of the Y-yg transformers. One amongst the most benefit of this technique is it doesn't would like any negative feedback circuit or activity unit. The tactic relies on a three-phase thyristors bridge single RL reactor with the individual phases of electrical device. Since the amount of thyristors is reduced, the voltage ripple, electrical losses and therefore the malfunction likelihood due to device failure is reduced significantly. The projected technique has been simulated by MATLAB simulation. It's shown that the projected method is a lot of economical for the transient current limitation of Y-yg transformers.
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