Background The Indian peafowl ( Pavo cristanus ) is native to South Asia and is the national bird of India. Here we present a draft genome sequence of the male blue peacock using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technology (ONT). Results ONT sequencing gave ∼2.3-fold sequencing coverage, whereas Illumina generated 150–base pair paired-end sequence data at 284.6-fold coverage from 5 libraries. Subsequently, we generated a 0.915-gigabase pair de novo assembly of the peacock genome with a scaffold N50 of 0.23 megabase pairs (Mb). We predict that the peacock genome contains 23,153 protein-coding genes and 75.3 Mb (7.33%) of repetitive sequences. Conclusions We report a high-quality assembly of the peacock genome using a hybrid approach of sequences generated by both Illumina and ONT. The long-read chemistry generated by ONT was useful for addressing challenges related to de novo assembly, particularly at regions containing repetitive sequences spanning longer than the read length, and which could not be resolved with only short-read–based assembly. Contig assembly of Illumina short reads gave an N50 of 1,639 bases, whereas with ONT, the N50 increased by >9-fold to 14,749 bases. The initial contig assembly based on Illumina sequencing reads alone gave 685,241 contigs. Further scaffolding on assembled contigs using both Illumina and ONT sequencing reads resulted in a final assembly of 15,025 super-scaffolds, with an N50 of ∼0.23 Mb. Ninety-five percent of proteins predicted by homology matched with those in a public repository, verifying the completeness of our assembly. Like other phylogenetic studies of avian conserved genes, we found P. cristatus to be most closely related to Gallus gallus , followed by Meleagris gallopavo and Anas platyrhynchos . Compared with the recently published peacock genome assembly, the current, superior, hybrid assembly has greater sequencing depth, fewer non-ATGC sequences, and fewer scaffolds.

Gingival enlargement is a common clinical problem, sometimes associated with specific conditions. This condition finds a unique place in the literature, because it has been associated with a variety of local and systemic factors. In puberty and pregnancy, gingival enlargement can be due to poor oral hygiene, inadequate nutrition, or systemic variation in hormonal stimulation. This case report presents the clinical, histopathological features as well as the treatment of the inflammatory gingival enlargement in pregnancy, where pregnancy altered the tissue metabolism which disturbed the aesthetics and masticatory function of the patient.

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Aim: Managing postoperative pain following maxillofacial surgery is an important task. Our study aims to compare this with regional anesthesia or IM diclofenac. Materials and Methods: This study included 30 patients who underwent bi-jaw orthognathic surgery between April 2016 and January 2020. Two groups were formed. Group A was administered inferior alveolar nerve block at the surgical site bilaterally using 0.5% ropivacaine and Group B were administered 75 mg intramuscular diclofenac just before extubation. Tramadol HCl 2 mg/kg body wt is used as a rescue analgesic. The pain was evaluated periodically at 2 nd , 4 th , 6 th , and 12 h postoperatively. Results: The mean Visual Analog Scale score was 2 in Group A and 5 in Group B. The mean duration of analgesia was 6 h 42 min, whereas in Group B, it was 8 h and 5 min. In 2 patients (13.3%) belonging to Group A and 3 patients (20%) belonging to Group B. There were no local complications in any group. Conclusion: It was observed that regional anesthesia in the form of intraoral nerve blocks was efficient than diclofenac (75 mg) administered intramuscularly for the management of immediate postoperative pain.