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Chromatography and spectroscopy techniques are the most commonly used methods in standardization of herbal medicines but the herbal system is not easy to analyze because of their complexity of chemical composition. Many cutting-edge analytical technologies have been introduced to evaluate the quality of medicinal plants and significant amount of measurement data has been produced. Chemometric techniques provide a good opportunity for mining more useful chemical information from the original data. Then, the application of chemometrics in the field of medicinal plants is spontaneous and necessary. Comprehensive methods and hyphenated techniques associated with chemometrics used for extracting useful information and supplying various methods of data processing are now more and more widely used in medicinal plants, among which chemometrics resolution methods and principal component analysis (PCA) are most commonly used techniques. This review focuses on the recent various important analytical techniques, important chemometrics tools and interpretation of results by PCA, and applications of chemometrics in quality evaluation of medicinal plants in the authenticity, efficacy and consistency.

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This paper presents results of statistical analysis of RTN in highly scaled HKMG FETs. A robust algorithm to extract multiple-trap RTN is proposed and applied to show that RTN can cause serious variation even when HKMG and undoped channel are introduced. We further focus on hysteretic behavior caused by RTN with time constants much longer than the circuit timescale. This reveals that RTN also induces novel instabilities such as short-term BTI and logic delay uncertainty. Extraction of RTN in SRAM arrays is also presented to discuss its impact on operational stability.

Efficient schemes for databasing emission and absorption coefficients are developed to model radiation from hypersonic nonequilibrium flows. For bound-bound transitions, spectral information including the line-center wavelength and emission and absorption coefficients is stored for typical air plasma species. Since the flow is nonequilibrium, a rate equation approach including both collisional and radiatively induced transitions is used to calculate the electronic state populations, assuming quasi steady state. The general Voigt line-shape function is assumed for modeling the line-broadening. The accuracy and efficiency of the databasing scheme was examined by comparing results of the databasing scheme with those of NEQAIR for the Stardust flowfield. An accuracy of approximately 1% was achieved with an efficiency about three times faster than the NEQAIR code. Nomenclature A = Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission, s 1 Ac; i = Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission from continuum state to state i, cm 3 s 1 Ai; c = Einstein coefficient for photoionization from state i to continuum state, s 1 Ai; j = Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission from state i to state j, s 1 a 0 = Bohr radius, 5:29167 10 9 cm B = Einstein coefficient for stimulated emission and absorption, cm 3 -m=J-s B V U = rotational constant, cm 1 b = exponent C, D = vector assembled by excitation rate coefficients of atom C m , D m = vector assembled by excitation and dissociation rate coefficients of molecule c = speed of light, 2:9979 10 10 cm s 1 D w = Doppler line half-width, cm d = parameter in the Voigt width [Eq. (34)] d ff = correction factor for free-free radiation E i = electronic term energy for atomic level i, cm 1 E k = kinetic energy of free electron, cm 1 E emis = total emission energy, W=cm 3 E 1 = ionization energy of an atom, cm 1 e = electron charge, 4:8030 10 10 statC F = rotational term energy for a molecule, cm 1 F i = assembled collisional and radiative coefficient of electronic state i G = vibrational term energy for a molecule, cm 1 GF = Gaunt factor for bound-free radiation G i = assembled collisional and radiative coefficient of electronic state i g = degeneracy H = data points of electron number density and electron temperature h = Planck's constant, 6:6262 10 34 Js J = rotational quantum number j = data point index Kc; i = recombination rate coefficient of collisional transition from continuum state to state i, cm 6 s 1 Ki; c = excitation rate coefficient of collisional transition from state i to continuum state, cm 3 s 1 K Wi = heavy-particle-induced recombination rate coefficient, cm 3 s 1 K W i; j = heavy-particle-induced molecular excitation rate coefficient from state i to state j, cm 3 s 1 K e i; j = excitation rate coefficient of collisional transition from state i to state j by electron impact, cm 3 s 1 K e ci = electron-induced recombination rate coefficient, cm 3 s 1 k = Boltzmann's constant, 1:3806 10 23 JK 1 l = number of electronic states for bound-free transition l m = number of electroni...

In this paper, a relay selection-based amplify-and-forward (AF) with mixed radio frequency/free space optical (RF/FSO) system is proposed. We have considered two relay selection schemes namely max-select, distributed switch and stay (DSS) and compared their performance when all relays are active. The AF-based relay employs (1) full-channel state information relaying (amplification gain dependent on instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio of source-relay link) (2) semi-blind relaying (fixed amplification gain) for the amplification purpose. The selected AF relay converts the received RF signal into an optical signal using the subcarrier intensity modulation scheme. The RF link is subject to a generalised Á distribution, while the channel for free space optical link is modelled as gamma-gamma distributed along with pointing errors. Novel analytical expressions for the probability density function, cumulative distribution function and the moment generating function of the equivalent signal-to-noise ratio is derived. Capitalising on these channel statistics, we provide the closed form expressions of the outage probability for different relay selection schemes.