Aims/hypothesisPrevious studies have suggested an increased risk of bladder cancer with pioglitazone exposure. We aimed to investigate the association between pioglitazone exposure and bladder cancer in France.MethodsThis cohort study involved use of data from the French national health insurance information system (Système National d'Information Inter-régimes de l'Assurance Maladie; SNIIRAM) linked with the French hospital discharge database (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information; PMSI). The cohort included patients aged 40 to 79 years who filled a prescription for a glucose-lowering drug in 2006. The cohort was followed for up to 42 months. Pioglitazone exposure was modelled as a time-dependent variable and defined by having filled at least two prescriptions over a 6-month period. Incident cases of bladder cancer were identified by a discharge diagnosis of bladder cancer combined with specific aggressive treatment. Statistical analyses involved a multivariate Cox model adjusted for age, sex and exposure to other glucose-lowering drugs.ResultsThe cohort included 1,491,060 diabetic patients, 155,535 of whom were exposed to pioglitazone. We found 175 cases of bladder cancer among exposed patients and 1,841 among non-exposed patients. Incidence rates were 49.4 and 42.8 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Pioglitazone exposure was significantly associated with bladder cancer incidence (adjusted HR 1.22 [95% CI 1.05, 1.43]). We observed a dose–effect relationship, with a significantly increased risk for high cumulative doses (≥28,000 mg, adjusted HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.22, 2.50]) and long duration of exposure (≥24 months, adjusted HR 1.36 [1.04, 1.79]).Conclusions/interpretationIn this cohort of diabetic patients from France, pioglitazone exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of bladder cancer.
We study the optical emission from single semiconductor quantum dots coupled to the optical modes of photonic crystal nanocavities. For dots that are both spectrally and spatially coupled, auto-correlation measurements reveal efficient single photon generation, with a drastically reduced lifetime due to the Purcell-effect. However, the multi-photon emission probability is enhanced compared to the same QD transition when it is detuned from the cavity mode by controlled N2deposition. This indicates the presence of an emission background that is shown to be related to the dot using photon cross-correlation spectroscopy. Photon temporal correlations persist even for large spectral detunings beyond ∆λ ∼ −10 nm, excluding the intrinsic QD continuum and phonon mediated processes as being responsible for the cavity mode emission background. We propose a mechanism based on photon induced shake up processes in the charged quantum dots, enhanced by the optical cavity.
For a single semiconductor quantum dot embedded in a microcavity, we
theoretically and experimentally investigate phonon-assisted transitions
between excitons and the cavity mode. Within the framework of the independent
boson model we find that such transitions can be very efficient, even for
relatively large exciton-cavity detunings of several millielectron volts.
Furthermore, we predict a strong detuning asymmetry for the exciton lifetime
that vanishes for elevated lattice temperature. Our findings are corroborated
by experiment, which turns out to be in good quantitative and qualitative
agreement with theory
Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) undergo substantial changes in the single-particle band structure and excitonic optical response upon the addition of just one layer. As opposed to the single-layer limit, the bandgap of bilayer (BL) TMD semiconductors is indirect which results in reduced photoluminescence with richly structured spectra that have eluded a detailed understanding to date. Here, we provide a closed interpretation of cryogenic emission from BL WSe2 as a representative material for the wider class of TMD semiconductors. By combining theoretical calculations with comprehensive spectroscopy experiments, we identify the crucial role of momentum-indirect excitons for the understanding of BL TMD emission. Our results shed light on the origin of quantum dot formation in BL crystals and will facilitate further advances directed at opto-electronic applications of layered TMD semiconductors in van der Waals heterostructures and devices.
This article provides an overview of research into mental models in teams and discusses the relevance of this theoretical concept for design teams. Researchers in several disciplines have applied the construct of mental models to understand how people perform tasks based on their knowledge, experience and expectation. The notion has also been used to study teams and to analyse the relationship between team mental model and team performance. Five different types of mental models for studying design teams are proposed: task, process, team, competence, and context. A review the literature found only very few studies on team mental models in design-related areas. A brief overview is provided on what is known about team mental models in general, on the effect of team mental models on team performance, and on what kind of results can be transferred to design teams. A short review of measurement techniques and how they can be applied to design research is presented. Finally, implications for the field of design are discussed and a methodological framework for studying mental models in design teams is proposed.
After MI, nonadherence to EBT is associated with a marked increase in all-cause mortality and readmission for acute coronary syndrome. Cost-effective strategies for adherence improvement should be developed among patient groups with poor adherence.
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