Modern tools for enzyme discovery and protein engineering substantially broadened the number of enzymes applicable for biocatalysis and helped to alter their properties such as substrate range, enantioselectivity, and stability under process conditions. In addition, these methods also enabled one to explore reactions for organic synthesis for which no suitable enzymes were available until recently. This review provides a summary of the different concepts and technologies, which are exemplified for various enzymes.

A fully automatized robotic platform has been established to facilitate high-throughput screening for protein engineering purposes. This platform enables proper monitoring and control of growth conditions in the microtiter plate format to ensure precise enzyme production for the interrogation of enzyme mutant libraries, protein stability tests and multiple assay screenings. The performance of this system has been exemplified for four enzyme classes important for biocatalysis such as Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, transaminase, dehalogenase and acylase in the high-throughput screening of various mutant libraries. This allowed the identification of novel enzyme variants in a sophisticated and highly reliable manner. Furthermore, the detailed optimization protocols should enable other researchers to adapt and improve their methods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1421-1432. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Whole-cell biocatalysts are versatile tools in (industrial) production processes; though, the effects that impact the efficiency are not fully understood yet. One main factor that affects whole-cell biocatalysts is the surrounding medium, which often consists of organic solvents due to low solubility of substrates in aqueous solutions. It is expected that organic solvents change the biophysical and biochemical properties of the whole-cell biocatalysts, e.g. by permeabilising the cell membrane, and thus analysis of these effects is of high importance. In this work, we present an analysis method to study the impact of organic solvents on whole-cell biocatalysts by means of dielectrophoresis. For instance, we evaluate the changes of the characteristic dielectrophoretic trapping ratio induced by incubation of Escherichia coli, serving as a model system, in an aqueous medium containing isopropyl alcohol. Therefore, we could evaluate the impact on the electric polarisability of the cells. For this purpose, a special microchannel device was designed and Escherichia coli cells were genetically modified to reliably synthesise a green fluorescent protein. We could demonstrate that our method was capable of revealing different responses to small changes in isopropyl alcohol concentration and incubation duration. Complementary spectrophotometric UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible light) absorbance analysis of released NAD(P) + /NAD(P)H cofactor and proteins confirmed our results. Based on our results, we discuss the biophysical effects taking place during incubation.