Perinatal transmission is the most common cause of HIV infection in pediatric population below the age of 15 years. Much progress has been made to decrease the risk of transmission than just offering the option of medical termination of pregnancy to the mother. Future research is needed not only to develop the simple preventive program, but also to make it more cost effective, acceptable and accessible to the general population. Following review article focuses on the factors affecting the transmission of HIV, strategies for prevention of MTCT with special reference to use of nevirapine and breast-feeding practices in HIV positive mother. The role of counseling and voluntary testing is also stressed upon.
The conventional medical curriculum in India needed more focus on explicit teaching and assessment of interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, team-work and reflection for prevention and better management of increasing incidences of violence against doctors by building good doctor-patient relationships. Increasing number of seats in Indian medical colleges, decreasing hospital stay of patients, and decrease in faculty requirements will hamper adequate supervised authentic clinical experiences of undergraduates for developing clinical skills. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant decrease in student-patient encounters. Simulated patients are being used in many countries to address many of these issues. To make the Indian medical graduates competent to function as primary physician of first contact, competency-based medical education along with guidelines for use of skill-lab and simulation has been introduced from 2019. The current review is focused on the need and use of simulated patients; their advantages, limitations and role in students’ teaching and assessment. It also gives a brief outline of their training process. Simulated patients should be used to supplement day-to-day learning, help in transition to attending real patients and also save enormous faculty time in the post-COVID-19 new normal. However, simulated patients are unlikely to completely replace real patients’ experiences.
Electronic Supplementary Material
Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s13312-021-2312-5.
To assess the prevalence of missed opportunities for measles immunization, reason for their occurrence and potential aspect of avoiding them on measles immunization coverage a cross sectional study in 40 clusters of 4 villages, Ardi, Valasan, Chikhodra and Bamroli having a population of twenty four thousand was carried out. A total of 300 children between the age group 9-24 months were included in the study. Immunization status of each child was recorded either from immunization card or maternal recall. Coverage for measles vaccine was 78.66%. Prevalence of missed opportunity was 15.33%. It was found that significant increase in measles coverage can be achieved upto 94% if all missed opportunities for measles vaccine are avoided.
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