Slip resistance tests of pavements form an important part of
Original scientific paper Buildings in need of renovation also show typical substructural damages due to aged waterproofing. An often used reconstruction method against capillary rising damp is chemical penetration of masonry walls through injection boreholes, but the efficiency of this technology depends on the material of the wall. Surface coating and renovation plaster give additional moisture protection and together with the chemical injection based horizontal waterproofing provide a complete solution system. Analysis of posterior waterproofing of the soft limestone, a widespread building material of the previous centuries, is required due to its high porosity. In this paper, based on the results of the measurements of an insulated soft limestone masonry building, the effectiveness of the waterproofing system has been evaluated. The measured humidity data also gave opportunity to further research, so thermal and hygrothermal analysis and building-physical comparisons have been performed. Keywords: chemical injection; energy efficiency; hygrothermal behaviour; limestone masonry; reconstruction; renovation plaster; rising damp Procjena učinkovitosti posteriornih vodootpornih sustava renovirane građevine od poroznog vapnencaIzvorni znanstveni članak Zgrade kojima je potrebna obnova također pokazuju tipična oštećenja temelja zbog zastarjelog vodootpornog sustava. Često primijenjena metoda rekonstrukcije protiv vlage nastale kapilarnim prodiranjem podzemne vode je zaštita zidova zgrade uštrcavanjem kemijskih sredstava, ali učinkovitost te tehnologije ovisi o materijalu zida. Premazivanje površine i žbuka pružaju dodatnu zaštitu od vlage te uz horizontalnu zaštitu od vode uštrcavanjem kemijskih sredstava predstavljaju potpuno rješenje sustava zaštite. Analiza posteriornog vodootpornog sustava u mekanom vapnencu, široko korištenom građevinskom materijalu prethodnih stoljeća, potrebna je zbog njegove velike poroznosti. U ovom je radu, zasnovanom na rezultatima mjerenja izolirane građevine od mekog vapnenca, provjerena učinkovitost vodootpornog sustava. Rezultati izmjerene vlage također su omogućili dalje istraživanje te je izvršena termalna i higrotermalna analiza i graditeljsko-fizičke usporedbe. Ključne
Abstract.Regarding the research and application of ceramic tiles there is a great importance of defining precisely the interaction and friction between surfaces. Measuring slip resistance of floor coverings is a complex problem; slipperiness is always interpreted relatively. In the lack of a consistent and clear EU standard, it is practical to use more method in combination. It is necessary to examine the structure of materials in order to get adequate correlation. That is why measuring techniques of surface roughness, an important contributor to slip resistance and cleaning, is fundamental in the research. By comparing the obtained test results, relationship between individual methods of analysis and values may be determined and based on these information recommendations shall be prepared concerning the selection and application of tiles.
During the summer, the environmental impact of building operations can be reduced by optimizing ventilation and preventing heat from entering the building. Shades are used to create a comfortable temperature state in interiors without operating mechanical equipment or using low-power systems. The most significant factor in reducing energy consumption would be if the spatial delimitation of buildings utilizes solar energy in a passive or active way. At the same time, limiting the energy entering through windows reduces the temperature of interiors and the amount of energy used for cooling; thus, the phenomenon of the urban heat island would be less exacerbated. In the case of existing historical buildings, there are limited possibilities to reduce the energy consumption of the building and to protect the buildings against excessive summer heating, especially in connection with the structural appearance of the doors and windows on the façade. This paper presents the preparation of a large-scale reconstruction project based on a newly developed combined window that can significantly reduce indoor summer overheating. Designing steps of the complex retrofitting of a traditional box-type window are highlighted based on the results of closely connected literature pertaining to thermal, ventilation, shading, and acoustical phenomena. The result is a detailed structural and technological design of the reconstruction for the historical window in a combined way, as the frame, glazing, ventilation, and shading are simultaneously developed and calculated approximately; moreover, active shading is integrated. One aim of this desktop study was to demonstrate that in the case of historical buildings, it is possible and necessary to reduce heat losses during the heating season and to minimize the risk of summer overheating, and to show that the surface of the façade could be converted into an energy producer.
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