The scientific objective of the research is to carry out the country's fiscal space for the study of public finance policy affects the context of sustainable development. The selection and topicality of the research issue is justified by the fact that each country's sustainable development is affected by the government's policies. One of its main components is fiscal or budgetary policy. Traditionally, it is defined as the money required for setting revenue and expenditure policy that is needed to ensure the government operation, but the economic interpretation says it is the economy regulation system through taxes and government spending. It is emphasized that it is closely linked with the state's role in the redistribution of society profits, determining the state budget's proportion in the gross domestic product, defining objectives for the common tax burden, budgetary expenditure, allowable deficit, volume, and structure of the government debt. In addition, the concept of “fiscal space” correlating with application of the fiscal policy measures becomes topical. Thus, the government is able to influence income of both the society generally and certain groups of residents, their purchasing power and impact on economic development in general. It defines the need of concept fiscal space.
Personal income tax and social insurance contributions must be paid on wages into the budget, the revenue of which most directly affects the changes in the number of persons engaged in the national economy and the increase of the average wage. To be able to evaluate how favourable the personal income tax systems applicable to employees are in the Baltic States, the author compares the factors that affect taxation and the tax burden in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which have experienced tax reforms in the recent years. The aim of the research is to perform a comparative study of the requirements and issues of personal income tax application to wages in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The monographic, comparative and analytical analysis, logical construction, and grouping methods have been used in the research study. Based on the research study, the author has concluded that despite the similarities in the personal income tax systems, each Baltic state has different normative regulation. The tax burden on Estonian taxpayers relative to wages is lower than that in Lithuania and Latvia.
PurposeThis study analyses the role of tourism in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, as well as the need to integrate sustainability into tourism policies, which contribute to the development and accessibility of technologies and the quality of society.Design/methodology/approachThis study reviews the accessibility of the tourism industry and the expansion of smart tourism in terms of sustainability, reviewing a wide range of research papers and analysing the concepts, findings and approaches suggested by scientists from various countries, as well as examples from the Baltic States.FindingsThe results reveal that the tourism industry is capable of adapting to changing conditions in modern society in a short enough period, thus contributing to the expansion of smart tourism and their active implementation at tourist attractions. In view of the goals set by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the accessibility of tourist attractions to various social groups should be provided through cooperation between public and private organizations.Originality/valueThis study explores the accessibility of tourism attractions and the development of smart tourism in the context of sustainability. Further, the article analyses some best practice examples from the Baltic States, which underpin the adaptation of the tourism industry to the changing conditions, as well as indicating the adaptation of the industry to the demands of modern society.
Taxation is one of the instruments the government can actively use to have an effect on the ongoing economic processes, directing their development into the preferred route. Economic development in the world and Europe, as well as domestic issues and the accession to the community of OECD member states have created new challenges for Latvia’s development and for improvement of the national tax policy and the tax system. Latvia’s fiscal policy is not sustainable, because every year is being adjusted, thus causing dissatisfaction of society and slowing down the country's economic development in general. Aim of the research is to evalute theoretical aspects and practical application of possibilities to use the taxation as a fiscal policy instrument in order to stabilise Latvia’s national economy. Based on the experience of different countries and scientific research, the theoretical findings on the application of taxes as a fiscal policy instrument were explored, and the essential measures to be implemented in order to make Latvia’s tax system more sustainable and to reduce social inequalities, as well as to advance the economic growth were identified. The monographic method, logical constructive method, method of analysis, opinion and concept comparison method, as well as statistical data comparison were used in the research.
The research aims to raise the problems of the local municipalities in Latvia that are related to a lack of financial resources. An active use of the tax policy to ensure the municipal finances in Latvia is examined in the paper. The authors have investigated the current situation and, using the ideas and experience of the other countries, have elaborated the recommendations on how to successfully adapt the tax policy to the current Latvian conditions in order to improve the financial capacity of the local municipalities thus raising their interest to support the entrepreneurship. Keywords: corporate income tax, local government budget, municipal taxes, personal income tax, property tax.Tyrimo tikslas -parodyti vietinių Latvijos savivaldybių problemas, susijusias su finansinių išteklių trūku-mu. Darbe nagrinėjamas aktyvus mokesčių politikos naudojimas, siekiant užtikrinti savivaldybių finansavimą Latvijoje. Autorės išanalizavo esamą situaciją ir, besiremdamos kitų šalių patirtimi, parengė rekomendacijas, kaip sėkmingai pritaikyti mokesčių politiką esamomis sąlygomis Latvijoje, gerinant vietinių savivaldybių finansinį pajėgumą ir didinant jų susidomėjimą verslumo rėmimu. Raktažodžiai: įmonių pajamų mokestis, savivaldybės biudžetas, savivaldybių mokesčiai, gyventojų pajamų mokestis, nekilnojamojo turto mokestis. JEL Classifications: G22/E22/E23.
Evaluating the role of the budget in economy we may declare that the budget process should favour the social economic development of the state. The aim of the research is to explore and evaluate theoretical aspects of the state budget process as a component of the state financial policy and to work out proposals for improvement of the state budget process, based on the theoretical and empirical findings. The main objectives of the research were to study the foreign economic scientific literature on the state budget process in the context of theoretical aspects, to study the impact of the state budget process on the financial policy and to work out proposals for the perfection of state budget process. Generally accepted research methods of economic analysis were used: the qualitative – studying the special literature, scientific publications, morphologic comparison, the logically constructive method, the method of synthesis. As there are different views on the significance of the state budget process in the organization of state finances, the authors have specified the definition of the concept of the state budget process in the context of economics. It will ensure a unified understanding of the budget process as an important mechanism of state finance management. Therefore, a more profound theoretical research study on the state budget process is important.
The problem of the study is that Latvian citizens often express dissatisfaction with vehicle registration prices, speculating that these services are available at lower prices in the neighbouring countries – Lithuania and Estonia. The aim of the research: to compare and analyse vehicle registration services in the Baltic States in order to provide suggestions for the improvement of the services. The research uses general scientific research methods: the monographic and descriptive methods, the document analysis method, the comparative analysis method, the horizontal analysis, the ranking method, the logical construction method and the graphical method. Based on the cases analysed, the authors conclude that vehicle registration costs are the lowest in Lithuania, yet these costs may depend on factors such as vehicle age and technical parameters, so not always the cheapest price is reported in Lithuania. Vehicle registration costs in Estonia, regardless of any parameters, for all light vehicles are the same at 192,00 euro. The authors compared and analysed vehicle registration services in the Baltic States, evaluated the price of services and the elements included in them. The study shows that when receiving vehicle registration services in the Baltic States, the conditions and price for receiving them differ. It is mainly influenced by the tax policies and pricing strategies of each country.
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