The photogalvanic (PG) cells involve a change in the electrode potential by photochemical processes along with the diffusion of ionic species through the bulk electrolyte. The PG cells have used so far the complex H‐shaped cell design, heavy sensitizer molecules with low diffusivity, and low photo‐stability. All these factors are not conducive to the fabrication of cheap cells with good electrical output. To address all these concerns, the tropaeline‐O dye photosensitizer (a low molecular weight molecule with higher diffusion and higher photo‐stability) has been exploited with diffusion‐friendly low cost and a simple transparent cylindrical glass tube. The optimum values of the cell's electrical parameters are:  potential 998 mV, current 3200 µA, and power 829.5 µW, and it is quite similar at all illumination window sizes.

The kinetic pathway of oxidation of crotyl alcohol by sodium salt of N-chloro-4-methylbenzene sulphonamide (chloramine-T) in acidic and alkaline medium has been studied. The speciation of chloramine-T has been made to suggest a proper and reasonable reaction mechanism. The thermodynamic quantities such as activation energy and activation entropy are evaluated in acidic as well as in catalysed alkaline medium. An anticipated reaction mechanism has been suggested.

The kinetics and mechanism of the osmium(VIII)-catalysed oxidation of crotyl alcohol by hexacyanoferrate(III) in aqueous alkaline medium is studied. The role of the osmium(VIII) catalyst is delineated to account for the experimental observations. A plausible reaction mechanism is suggested. Activation parameters such as the energy and entropy of activation are evaluated by employing the Eyring equation and are found to be 36.833 kJ mol−1 and −141.518 J K−1 mol−1, respectively.

No abstract

The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of crotyl alcohol by peroxomonosulfate has been studied, and the species of the peroxomonosulfate are discussed to find out the role of activated species. A plausible reaction mechanism is suggested, and a derived rate law corresponds to all experimental observations. The activation parameters such as energy and entropy of activation have been calculated as 37.21 ± 0.5 kJ mol−1 and −148.91 ± 2.7 J K−1 mol−1, respectively, by employing the Eyring plot.

Vitiligo is a common acquired disorder of depigmentation that occurs as a result of melanocyte loss. Surgical therapies are indicated in patients with stable disease who fail to respond to medical therapies. This mostly includes autologous grafting techniques both tissue and cellular (both cultured and noncultured). Common techniques of recipient site preparation include dermabrasion, suction blistering, liquid nitrogen, electrofulguration and microneedling. The aim was to assess the difference in extent of repigmentation with manual dermabrasion and tattooing pen in a noncultured epidermal cell suspension on stable vitiligo patches. This was a prospective intraindividual comparative study. Thirty-six patients with stable vitiligo were recruited. Patients had a clinical diagnosis of segmental or nonsegmental vitiligo and had two independent patches of 3 × 3 cm or more present either symmetrically or unilaterally over the same body site or a single patch of 6 × 6 cm or more. Vitiligo lesions had been stable for ≥ 1 year. At week 24, the proportion of patients achieving > 75% repigmentation with manual dermabrasion was 86%. In contrast, 61% of patients in the tattooing pen group achieved > 75% repigmentation. At week 24, the proportion of patients achieving > 50% repigmentation with manual dermabrasion was 89% vs. 72% of patients in the tattooing pen group. Eighty per cent of patches at acral sites in patients in the manual dermabrasion group achieved > 75% repigmentation vs. 94% in nonacral patches, whereas in the tattooing pen group, 47% of patches at acral sites achieved > 75% repigmentation vs. 73.3% in nonacral patches. In terms of colour matching, at 24 weeks, good colour matching with the surrounding normal skin was obtained in 80% of patches in both groups. There was a significant difference in efficacy between the two methods in favour of manual dermabrasion. Tattooing pen for melanocyte delivery has the advantage over manual dermabrasion in that it is less time consuming and also reduces cell loss. Recipient site preparation by manual dermabrasion showed a higher rate of infection vs. the tattooing pen at 4 weeks (25% vs. 6%). Recipient site preparation in terms of colour matching and halo phenomena was comparable in both the groups, with no significant difference seen. Patient satisfaction in terms of physician global assessment score and Vitiligo Quality of Life index (VitiQoL) was comparable for both methods, with no significant difference seen.

Environmental awareness, co-operation and nonviolence is the common message of Buddhism-‚sukho Buddhānaṃ uppādo sukho Dhammassadesanā | Sukhā saṁgassa sāmggī samaggānaṁ tapo sukho||" - (Dhammapada, 14.8)

The oxidation of 34 sulfides by benzyltrimethylammonium chlorobromate (BTMACB) resulted in formation of the corresponding sulfoxides. The reaction is first order with respect to both BTMACB and the sulfide. The solvent composition effect indicated that the rate of reaction increases with increase in the polarity of the medium. The reaction failed to induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. There is no effect of added benzyltrimethylammonium chloride or potassium bromide. Chlorobromate ion is postulated as the reactive oxidizing species. The rates of oxidation of meta-and para-substituted phenyl methyl sulfides were correlated with Charton's LDR equation. The rates of oxidation of the ortho-compounds showed excellent correlation with the LDRS equation. The oxidation of meta-compounds exhibited a greater dependence on the field effect. The reaction is subject to steric inhibition when an ortho-substituent is present. The oxidation of alkyl phenyl sulfides is subject to both polar and steric effects of the alkyl groups. The polar reaction constants are negative, indicating an electrondeficient sulfur centre in the rate-determining step. A mechanism has been proposed involving formation of a halogenosulfonium cation in the slow step.