The Drosophila Spätzle protein, involved in the embryonic development of the dorsal-ventral axis and in the adult immune response, is expressed as a proprotein and is activated by the serine proteinases Easter or Spätzle-processing enzyme. Proteolytic cleavage generates a 106-amino acid COOH-terminal fragment, C106, homologous to the mature form of nerve growth factor NGF, a cystine knot protein. Through alternative splicing, the Spätzle gene encodes for several isoforms that (with one exception, the "propeptide isoform") share C106 but differ in the prosequence. Three isoforms have been expressed recombinantly in Escherichia coli strains. The propeptide isoform could be expressed in soluble form and is unstructured according to CD and NMR measurements. Dimeric full-length Spätzle isoforms have been refolded from insoluble inclusion bodies and are able to rescue Spätzle-deficient embryos. Although the two full-length isoforms exhibit similar far-UV CD spectra, large differences in tryptophan fluorescence quenching by the respective pro-parts are observed. Both full-length isoforms exhibited highly cooperative folding transitions. Proteolytic digestion using trypsin resulted in C106, whose unfolding exhibits lower thermodynamic stability and cooperativity compared with the full-length proteins. The structure of C106 reveals a T-shaped dimer with significant differences to NGF and a deep internal cavity. Substantial ␤-sheet formation is observed between the two monomers, whereas a long loop containing the single tryptophan residue is disordered in the crystals. Our results suggest that the propeptides stabilize the tertiary structure of the "mature" Spätzle cystine knot.The Spätzle protein is the precursor of a nerve growth factorlike ligand in Drosophila melanogaster (1). It defines the dorsalventral axis in Drosophila embryos and acts in the initiation of immune response to fungal and bacterial infection in adult flies (2). Sequence homology to coagulogen and human nerve growth factor (NGF), 2 together with the spacing of cysteine residues, suggests a cystine knot motif, in which two disulfide bridges form a ring through which a third disulfide bridge is threaded (3).Extracellular binding of mature Spätzle to its receptor Toll is thought to lead to receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domains (4, 5). Although Toll is distributed uniformly within the embryonic perivittelline membrane, a concentration gradient of Spätzle results in dorsal-ventral asymmetry. The extracellular domain of the transmembrane receptor Toll consists of two leucine-rich repeat domains that bind the ligand. The cytoplasmic domain of Toll shares sequence similarity with the vertebrate Toll-like receptors, such as interleukin-1 receptor (6, 7), also involved in innate immunity.Activation of Spätzle proceeds via one of two extracellular proteolytic cascades. In the developmental pathway, Spätzle is activated by Easter, generating a 12-kDa COOH-terminal fragment, C106, that is capable of a...

The Spä tzle protein is involved in both the definition of the dorsal-ventral axis during embryonic development and in the adult innate immune response. The disulfide-linked dimeric cystine-knot protein has been expressed as a proprotein in inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and refolded in vitro by rapid dilution. Initial orthorhombic crystals that diffracted to 7 Å resolution were obtained after three months by the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. Optimization of the crystallization conditions resulted in orthorhombic crystals (space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 , with unit-cell parameters a = 53.0, b = 59.2, c = 62.5 Å ) that diffracted to 2.8 Å resolution in-house. The small volume of the asymmetric unit indicated that it was not possible for the crystals to contain the complete pro-Spä tzle dimer. Mass spectrometry, N-terminal sequencing and Western-blot analysis revealed that the crystals contained the C-terminal disulfide-linked cystine-knot dimer. Comparison of various crystallization experiments indicated that degradation of the N-terminal prodomain was dependent on the buffer conditions.

Dorsoventral patterning during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis is mediated by a well-defined gradient of the mature NGF-like ligand Spätzle. Easter, the ultimate protease of a ventrally-restricted serine protease cascade, plays a key role in the regulation of the morphogenic gradient, catalyzing the activation cleavage of proSpätzle. As a result of alternative splicing, proSpätzle exists in multiple isoforms, almost all of which differ only in their prodomain. Although this domain is unstructured in isolation, it has a stabilizing influence on the mature cystine knot domain and is involved in the binding to the Toll receptor. Here, we report the expression and refolding of Easter, and show that the renatured enzyme performs the activation cleavage of two Spätzle isoforms. We determine the affinity of the prodomain for the cystine knot domain, and show that Easter performs a previously unknown secondary cleavage in each prodomain.

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