The industrial activities pose threat to the life of aquatic organisms in many ways. This research communication presents an account of the impact of fertilizer industry effluent upon the levels of protein and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28, LDH), a terminal key enzyme in glycolytic pathway, in different organs of a fresh water teleost fish, Channa striatus (Bloch). The fish exposed to different sublethal concentrations of fertilizer industry effluent (3.5, 4.7 and 7.0% v/v) equivalent to 1/20th, 1/15th and 1/10th of LC(50) value (70% v/v) for varying treatment periods (96 h and 15 days) exhibited decrease in the level of protein (8-76%) in different organs of the effluent treated fish. At highest effluent concentration (7% v/v) treatment for short (96 h) or long (15 days) duration, the liver of the fish registered significant (p < 0.001) decrease (62-76%) in protein content as compared to control, whereas other organs of the fish showed only 38-52% decrease in the level of protein. The industrial effluent also caused marked reduction in the activity of LDH in different fish tissues when compared to the control. The treatment of fish with 7% effluent concentration for 96 h caused 78% decrease (p < 0.001) in the LDH activity in fish muscle whereas after 15 days the effect was maximum in fish brain as it exhibited 86% decrease (p < 0.001) in LDH activity as compared to control. The effect of effluent on the activity of LDH and protein content in different body tissues of the fish was dependent on concentration and duration of exposure. The significant reductions in the activity of LDH and level of protein in fish tissues due to treatment with the fertilizer industry effluent indicated the possibility of impairments in energy metabolism and protein turnover, respectively, in C. striatus.

Zaccone, G., Lauriano, E. R., Silvestri, G., Kenaley, C., Icardo, J. M., Pergolizzi, S., Alesci, A., Sengar, M., Kuciel, M. and Gopesh, A. 2015. Comparative neurochemical features of the innervation patterns of the gut of the basal actinopterygian, Lepisosteus oculatus, and the euteleost, Clarias batrachus. -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) (Stockholm) 96: 127-139.The structure and physiology of enteric system are very similar in all classes of vertebrates, although they have been investigated only occasionally in non-mammalian vertebrates. Very little is known about the distribution of the neurotransmitters in the gut of actinopterygian fishes. Anatomical and physiological studies of enteric nervous systems in the spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) and airbreathing catfish (Clarias batrachus), a non-teleost and teleost actinopterygian, respectively, have not been undertaken. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the range of neurochemical coding in the enteric nervous system of these two species, including the chemical diversity of the mucosal endocrine cells in the pyloric stomach of Clarias. Autonomic innervation of the secretory glands is also described and reported herein for the first time for fishes. We also report splanchnic (spinal) innervation of the stomach, submucosal ganglia (that also colocalize with nNOS) and caudal intestine of Clarias. In both fish species, numerous 5HT, ChAT, nNOS and TH-positive nerve fibres have been observed. These discoveries demonstrate that much more physiological and pharmacological data are needed before a comprehensive model of enteric nervous system control in vertebrates can be developed.

850shift of a certain amount of water from the intracellular to the extracellular space. However the results obtained do not indicate whether the increase of inulin uptake due to contractile activity can be attributed to an actual change of volume of the extracellular space rather than to a modification in the diffusion kinetics of inulin: in this latter case we must assume that non equilibrium conditions are present H. During contractions, inulin might be taken up more easily by compartments (perhaps other than the extracellular space) where, Experientia 37 (1981), Birkh/iuser Verlag, Basel (Schweiz) in resting conditions, it enters at a very low rate: it seems difficult to explain why the phenomenon should be less pronounced or absent following isotonic contractions. In order to clarify the results obtained, a further investigation will be devoted to the diffusion kinetics of inulin and HTO in resting and active muscles. Anyhow the results obtained suggest that the determination of cellular electrolytes in isolated muscle preparations should be accompanied by an accurate measurement of the extracellular space and its possible changes due to the experimental conditions. Summary. A peculiar neurosecretory system is reported in 6 teleost species; Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Mystus seenghala, Ompak pabda, Glassogobius giuris and Notopterus notopterus. It is located in the gill region close to the pseudobranch or to the carotid labyrinth. The neurosecretory ceils have been identified using stains specific for neurosecretion. The results are discussed in the light of the association of the neurosecretory system with the pseudobranch or the carotid labyrinth, and the airbreathing habit of these fishes.In fishes, only 2 neurosecretory systems are known; the hypophysial system of the head and the caudal neurosecretory system of the tail. A peculiar 3rd system of neurosecretion has been found by us to exist in certain fishes, and in the present report an account of this is presented. The neurosecretory cells have been identified histologically, using neurosecretory stains like aldehyde fuchsin 2, acidviolet 3 and iron-haematoxylin 4. So far, this system has been found in 6 teleostean species; namely Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Mystus seenghala, Ompak pabda, Glassogobius giuris and Notopterus notopterus, which belong to 3 different orders, but not in the carps Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. Results. In the 6 species mentioned above, neurosecretory cells are found to occur clumped into groups forming a large ganglionic mass, which is located in the gill region in

Present investigation was carried out on the fish samples of river Yamuna from Sadiapur fish landing centre during January 2008-December 2009. Studies were undertaken to assess the age composition, growth rate and age pyramid of Cyprinus carpio var. communis. Age composition varied from 0 to 13? age groups. The maximum growth was recorded at 1? year (20.69 cm) and minimum at the 9? year (3.01 cm) of the life cycle. Growth of C. carpio was higher than that of recorded in Europe and Australia. According to percentage, 0 age group shared 7.53 % only. Age group 1? was dominant (24.60 %), which was observed to be nearly one-fourth of the total collected samples. The difference was very high in 0 to 1? age groups (17.16 %).

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Monitoring of acetylcholinesterase (EC: 3.1.1.7, AChE) activity has been widely used in aquatic and terrestrial systems as an indicator of pollutant exposure. The reports regarding impact of fertilizer industry effluent on the level of AChE activity are very scanty. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the in vitro impact of fertilizer industry effluent upon the levels of AChE activity and protein content in different tissues of non-target aquatic fish, Channa striatus (Bloch). The fish when exposed to three sublethal concentrations (3.5, 4.7, and 7.0%; v/v) of fertilizer industry effluent for short (96 h) and long (15 days) durations registered sharp reduction in the levels of AChE activity (15-75%) and protein (10-71%) in different fish organs. The highest effluent concentration treatment for short or long duration, the fish brain and gills registered significant (P < 0.001) inhibition (64-75%) in the activity of AChE whereas other organs such as muscles, liver, and heart exhibited slightly lower inhibition (40-59%) in enzyme activity. However, kidney of C. striatus was the only organ where very less effect (14-18%) of the effluent was observed on the activity of AChE when the fish were exposed to all the three concentrations of the effluent for both treatment durations. This effluent also induced alterations in the level of protein in different fish organs; in kidney the effect was pronounced only at higher concentrations at both treatment durations. The most affected organs were muscle and gills where in 60-71% reduction in the protein content was recorded due to highest effluent concentration treatment at short or long durations. The results of present study indicated that the fertilizer industry effluents might significantly influence the neurotransmission system and protein turnover in the non-target organisms after exposure even at very low concentrations. Further, the data suggested that the fish AChE could be used as a potential biochemical marker for fertilizer industry effluent pollution in aquatic systems.

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