There is a ~2-fold difference in GC risk between a 'Prudent/healthy' diet-rich in fruits and vegetables, and a 'Western/unhealthy' diet-rich in starchy foods, meat and fats.
Purpose
To retrospectively assess the local control and intermediate- and
long-term survival of patients with liver metastases from breast cancer who
have undergone percutaneous ultrasonography (US)-guided radiofrequency (RF)
ablation.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the hospital ethics committee, and all
patients provided written informed consent. RF ablation was used to treat 87
breast cancer liver metastases (mean diameter, 2.5 cm) in 52 female patients
(median age, 55 years). Inclusion criteria were as follows: fewer than five
tumors, maximum tumor diameter of 5 cm or smaller, and disease either
confined to the liver or stable with medical therapy. Forty-five (90%) of 50
patients had previously undergone chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or both,
and had no response or an incomplete response to the treatment. Contrast
material–enhanced computed tomography and US were performed to
evaluate complications and technical success and to assess for local tumor
progression during follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess
survival, and results were compared between groups with a log-rank test. Cox
regression analysis was used to assess independent prognostic factors that
affected survival.
Results
Complete tumor necrosis was achieved in 97% of tumors. Two (4%) minor
complications occurred. Median time to follow-up from diagnosis of liver
metastasis and from RF ablation was 37.2 and 19.1 months, respectively.
Local tumor progression occurred in 25% of patients. New intrahepatic
metastases developed in 53% of patients. From the time of first RF ablation,
overall median survival time and 5-year survival rate were 29.9 months and
27%, respectively. From the time the first liver metastasis was diagnosed,
overall median survival time was 42 months, and the 5-year survival rate was
32%. Patients with tumors 2.5 cm in diameter or larger had a worse prognosis
(hazard ratio, 2.1) than did patients with tumors smaller than 2.5 cm in
diameter.
Conclusion
Survival rates in selected patients with breast cancer liver
metastases treated with RF ablation are comparable to those reported in the
literature that were achieved with surgery or laser ablation.
Using a single cooled applicator, microwave energy at 2.45 GHz produces larger ablations than an equivalent amount of 480 kHz RF energy in normal liver and lung. This was more apparent in lung, likely due to the high baseline impedance which limits RF, but not microwave power delivery.
Myometrial invasion is the most important morphological prognostic feature of endometrial cancer. MR diagnostic accuracy in presurgical detection of deep myometrial infiltration is high. MR examination including T2 and DCE imaging is considered the reference standard. DW imaging has been increasingly employed with heterogeneous results. This meta-analysis shows that DCE and DW do not differ in diagnostic accuracy.
Purpose
To determine the magnitude and spatial distribution of temperature elevations when using 480 kHz RF and 2.45 GHz microwave energy in ex vivo liver models.
Materials and Methods
A total of sixty heating cycles (20 s at 90 W) were performed in normal, RF ablated and microwave ablated liver tissues (n=10 RF and n=10 microwave in each tissue type). Heating cycles were performed using a 480 kHz generator and 3 cm cooled-tip electrode (RF) or a 2.45 GHz generator and 14-gauge monopole (microwave) and designed to isolate direct heating from each energy type. Tissue temperatures were measured using fiberoptic thermosensors 5, 10 and 15 mm radially from the ablation applicator at the depth of maximal heating. Power delivered, sensor location, heating rates and maximal temperatures were compared using mixed effects regression models.
Results
No significant differences were noted in mean power delivered or thermosensor locations between RF and microwave heating groups (P>0.05). Microwaves produced significantly more rapid heating than RF at 5, 10 and 15mm in normal tissue (3.0 vs. 0.73, 0.85 vs. 0.21 and 0.17 vs. 0.09 °C/s; P<.05); and at 5 and 10mm in ablated tissues (2.3 ± 1.4 vs. 0.7 ± 0.3, 0.5 ± 0.3 vs. 0.2 ± 0.0 C/s, P<.05). The radial depth of heating was approximately 5mm greater for microwaves than RF.
Conclusions
Direct heating obtained with 2.45 GHz microwave energy using a single needle-like applicator is faster and covers a larger volume of tissue than 480 kHz RF energy. Keywords: microwave ablation, direct heating, thermal ablation
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