Only with the combined efforts of the local laboratories and clinicians, the looming threat of the pandrug resistant organisms in small cities can be avoided. However, more such studies are required from both clinicians and laboratory health care professionals in order to arrive at a common consensus, and uniformity can be brought about in the community regarding prescription practices.

Deep learning has now become an integral part of today's world and advancement in the field of deep learning has gained a huge development. Due to the extensive use and fast growth of deep learning, it has captured the attention of researchers in the field of speaker recognition. A detailed investigation regarding the process becomes essential and helpful to the researchers for designing robust applications in the field of speaker recognition, both in speaker verification and identification. This paper reviews the field of speaker recognition taking into consideration of deep learning advancement in the present era that boosts up this technology. The paper continues with a systematic review by firstly giving a basic idea of deep learning and its architecture with its field of application, then entering into the high-lighted portion of our paper i.e., speaker recognition which is one of the important applications of deep learning. Here we have mentioned its types, different processing techniques, challenges that come across in this technology, performance evaluation criteria, deep learning implementation frameworks, and lastly various databases used in the field of speaker identification (SI) and Speaker Verification (SV).

Traditionally, three ports are used in laparoscopic appendicectomy. However to reduce surgical incision and cost, it is feasible to remove the appendix using fewer ports. In this study, we compared the efficacy of stepwise and standard approach in laparoscopic appendicectomies in children. Between August 2008 and September 2010, 378 children with appendicitis were allotted to either the stepwise or standard laparoscopy group depending on the operating surgeon's preference. In the former group, an operating telescope was inserted first. The number of ports used was based on the pathology (stepwise approach). In the latter group, three ports were inserted in all patients (standard approach). The two groups were similar. In the stepwise group, we performed 95 single port (utilising a scope with an instrument channel), 37 two ports and 13 three ports appendicectomies. In the stepwise group, operating time was shorter (not yet statistically significant) and it reduced the port numbers by more than 50 %. The stepwise approach provides an evidence-based management of appendicitis with comparable outcomes. This procedure further reduces incision trauma, operating times and the cost of operation. However, the reduction of post-operative analgesic requirement needs further study.

Introduction: During menopause, women experience various psychological or physical changes which need adequate attention. Moreover, women don’t seek help for these problems due to their hesitancy, lack of awareness, socio-cultural, financial constraints or as they feel this is a natural-phenomenon. The study aims to explore the postmenopausal experiences faced by women during menopause and to elicit the constraints faced by them in seeking health-care services. Methodology: This was a qualitative study with phenomenological approach conducted among post-menopausal women (≥45 years) from Oct 2022-Jan 2023 with the help of In-Depth-Interview guide in four villages of Bhatar Block, Purba-Bardhaman District. Considering the availability of the study participants, they were selected purposively from the list prepared by ASHA of each village and recruitment done till the point of data-saturation. Inductive thematic-analysis was used to identify codes and themes. Results: During menopause, women experienced physical and psychological changes in the body, changes in social life and for these changes they had to adjust to cope-up. They felt various needs like empathy from husbands, children, peers. On the other hand, they did not seek help from health-care services due to their knowledge gap, dissatisfaction from previous-visit, cost-issue and unavailability of resources in health-care delivery system. Conclusion: Majority of the post-menopausal women faced various problems associated with menopause, but very few had sought help. So, health care providers have an important role to generate awareness among post-menopausal women regarding physical and mental changes during this phase.