Nanofluids have been extensively studied in the past to enhance the heat transfer performance and efficiency of systems. However, corrosion effects have been paid very little attention and thus this work presents an experimental study on the effect of carbon nanotubes (CNT ) on corrosion of three different metals under study such as aluminium alloy, stainless steel and copper, respectively. The work was further extended to study the heat transfer performance in a car radiator of two different sizes. Both the studies were performed using four different fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, 0.02 % CNT -nanofluid and 0.1 % CNT -nanofluid, respectively. It was observed that among the three metals, the highest rate of corrosion occurs to aluminium, followed by stainless steel and copper, irrespective of the fluid used. The rate of corrosion increased with the increase in temperature (27-90 °C) in all cases. The experimental results showed that the stable CNT -nanofluids prepared in this work showed better heat transfer performance in both engines. Moreover, the smaller radiator using the CNT -nanofluids depicted enhanced heat transfer rates compared to the standard radiator using water and ethylene glycol.
This study aims to determine the corrosion rates of three different metals (copper, stainless steel, and aluminium alloy) using CNT-nanofluids. Nanofluids have been extensively studied in enhancing heat transfer rates of conventional base fluids due to its efficiency and high thermal conductivity. Carbon nanotube (CNT) based nanofluids have demonstrated significantly higher thermal conductivity compared to nanofluids based on other nanoparticles. Though transport properties of CNT-nanofluids including their thermal conductivity, density, and viscosity have been investigated by large scientific community, there are only few studies carried out on its physical properties especially their reaction towards corrosion of different metals. Therefore, this study is carried out to compare the corrosion rates of three different metals using four different engine coolants with the variation of temperature from 27°C to 90°C. The coolants deployed in this work include ethylene glycol, water, and CNT-nanofluids with two different concentrations of 0.1 wt % and 0.02 wt % CNT. The CNTnanofluids are stabilized using the Gum Arabic (GA) as the dispersant. The results reveal that for each metal, the corrosion rates in water are the highest followed by ethylene glycol and CNT-nanofluids with 0.02 wt % and 0.1 wt %. Among the three metals, the highest rate of corrosion occurs to aluminium, followed by stainless steel and copper, for all coolants used in this experimental study. Finally, the rate of corrosion increases with the increase of temperature for all cases.
Exploiting advanced technological tool is considered as one of the requirements for the field of language education in the 21st century. Sadly, the field of teaching Arabic for Specific Purposes (ASP) is still a little behind when it comes to integrating these new educational tools into the teaching and learning processes. This will consequently result in decreasing the students’ motivation, as teachers still apply traditional teaching and learning methods, with a basic use of technology. It is important to note that the students in this generation utilize technology in their daily life, thus integrating these technologies in learning Arabic for Specific Purposes will benefit them in numerous aspects. Consequently, this study suggests the importance of developing learning materials using augmented reality technology for ASP modules. This study will shed a light on the concept of development, learning materials, and augmented reality. Finally, it will discuss about possible ways to develop ASP modules using augmented reality technology. It is hoped that this study will lead to advancement of educational tools for the field of ASP in the future.
Arabic romanization systems consist of written symbols that have been approved by international organizations, to represent Arabic phoneme in Latin alphabet. These systems aim to enable people pronounce Arabic phoneme without depending on Arabic letters. Despite of the international recognition on these systems, there are some clashes on the symbols used to represent phoneme ‘Ayn in Arabic, as there are four different symbols to represent phoneme ‘Ayn which are (ʿ), (‘), (ʕ) and (3). Therefore, this study aims to identify the suitable symbol for Arabic phoneme ‘Ayn in Roman writing system based on Arabic for International Communication’s students’ perception, that might ease the process of teaching students at beginner level. This study applies qualitative research method, by using questionnaire to find out the most suitable symbol for phoneme ‘Ayn among the students. Results of the study shows that there are three aspects that affect students’ perception toward suitable symbol for Arabic phoneme ‘Ayn in Roman writing system. The findings suggest that the symbol used by the student for phoneme ‘Ayn in Roman writing system is (‘) whereas the most suitable symbol for phoneme ‘Ayn is (3). This study is hope to benefit Arabic language learners to overcome difficulties in writing Arabic phoneme in Roman writing system, especially phoneme ‘Ayn.
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