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Ecstasy or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular drug of abuse. In the animal studies MDMA has been shown to have deleterious effects on the serotonergic neurotransmitter system. Understanding the adverse effects of MDMA on human brain function is of considerable importance owing to the rising number of MDMA users. Various neuroimaging studies have investigated the structural, chemical and functional differences in the brain integrity of chronic MDMA users. Various neurocognitive domains like working memory, episodic memory, semantic memory, visual stimulation, motor function and impulsivity have been compared between chronic MDMA users and nonusers using fMRI. The fMRI studies remain much more sensitive in studying the neurological deficits associated with chronic MDMA use as compared to the cognitive studies alone and therefore they serve as a prelude in our understanding of MDMA induced neurotoxicity. However they still face certain limitations contributing to inconsistency in the results and further research is needed before we can draw definitive conclusions regarding the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.

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A case of chyluria is reported in which anuria followed instillation of 3% silver nitrate into the collecting system of both kidneys, with unusual radiographic features. Plain radiographic, ultrasound and computed tomographic findings are discussed. To the best of the authors' knowledge this has not been previously described in the literature.

A 55-year-old patient presented with exposure of both the haptics beyond the conjunctiva of the scleral fixated multipiece intraocular lens (IOL). Two diagonally opposite scleral pockets were created, and the exposed haptics was redirected and repositioned aseptically into these pockets to facilitate intrascleral fixation. Herein, we report a simple rescue method for management of exposed haptic after Yamane technique of scleral fixated IOL.

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25Background: Rotavirus (RV) is the 5 th leading cause of death in children <5 years old but the 26 leading cause of diarrhea related deaths in this age group. The mechanism of RV diarrhea 27 involves decreased activity of Na + -dependent solute transporters with increased luminal 28 secretion of Clin the absence of significant histologic damage. While our understanding of RV 29 diarrhea has come from studies in animal models and cancer cell lines, the mechanism of the 30 diarrhea and the transport proteins affected in human RV disease remains only partially 31 understood. This understanding is likely to impact drug development therapy for RV diarrhea. 32 Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded small intestinal specimens from patients diagnosed 33 with RV diarrhea (confirmed by anti-RV antibodies) were analyzed by immunofluorescence for 34 changes in apical/basolateral ion/nutrient transporters/channels as well as tight junctional and 35 cytoskeletal proteins. Proximal small intestinal enteroids generated from biopsies obtained from 36healthy human subjects were grown as monolayers, differentiated to resemble villus epithelial 37 cells, and infected with human RV. 38Results: RV diarrhea was associated with reduced expression and intracellular localization of 39 transport proteins normally found in the brush border membranes, including SGLT1, NHE3, 40 NHE2, the Na + -dependent amino acid transporter SLC6A19, and CFTR. In contrast, basolateral 41 proteins, including Na + /K + -ATPase, NKCC1, and β-catenin, the brush border marker ezrin, as 42 well as the tight junction protein, ZO-1, were expressed and localized normally. RV-induced 43 mislocalization of NHE3, SGLT1, SLC6A19 and CFTR was also seen when human small 44 intestinal enteroids were infected with RV. 45Conclusions: These data demonstrate a new pathophysiologic mechanism of acute diarrhea in 46 which expression of multiple apical transport proteins are reduced. This acute diarrhea is likely