How to cite this article:
Bhattacharyya M, Debnath AK, Todi SK.
Clostridium difficile
and Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(Suppl 4):S162–S167.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in investigating the impacts of built environment on mode choice decisions. There is a consensus that built environment factors influence travel behavior, although this influence is far from being homogenous. Compared with the North American and some European countries, there has been comparatively limited research in this field in the context of the Global South, especially South Asia. In this context, this paper aims to explore the extent to which built environment influences mode choice behavior to major destinations in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. “Major destinations” refers to the statistically significant trip-attracting clusters in the city. Dhaka is a city with heterogeneous motorized and non-motorized modes. Investigating mode choice decisions, in such a setting, is vital for the planners and policymakers to realize the goals of sustainable development with measured insights. A multinomial logit model was used to estimate the effects of built environment factors on mode choice to work and non-work trips in Dhaka. The study results showed that inclusion of built environment variables had significantly improved the models. Several built environment variables, including dissimilarity index, distance to the nearest bus stop, road density, and so forth, were found to be strong predictors of mode choice, and their elasticities were higher than the elasticities of several personal and household characteristics. Down that line, the findings provided support in favor of considering land use policies intended to increase accessibility, mixed land use, density, and so forth.
Transport accessibility is an area of growing global attention among transportation planners and policymakers. This paper aims to portray spatiotemporal variations of car and public bus accessibility in the context of a city in a developing country: Dhaka, Bangladesh. The public bus system in Dhaka is characterized by a semi-formal arrangement which means there is a lack of available data, for example, General Transit Feed Specification, which poses great difficulties in the study of accessibility. Given these limitations, we have presented the concept of major destinations to analyze spatiotemporal accessibility based on the simple understanding that trip purposes, time of day, and trip destinations are interlinked in an urban area, and different locations would attract a different number of trips based on the time of day. Using a spatial autocorrelation approach, we identified the statistically significant destination clusters in Dhaka by peak and off-peak hours. We measured accessibility to the major destinations using a cumulative opportunity-based metric followed by estimation of the Modal Accessibility Gap (MAG). The findings indicated that, regardless of the trip origins and time of day, dependence on public transport puts the users in a substantially disadvantageous position. From the policy perspective, we have suggested the introduction of a formal public transport system in Dhaka, particularly targeting the traffic analysis zones with higher MAG. Such an approach would lead to better resource usage while providing enhanced public transport services for both peak and off-peak hours and limiting dependence on cars.
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