Starch, composed of amylose (AMY) and amylopectin (AP), is a common constituent of many agricultural grain crops and the main source of energy for both humans and domesticated animals. There are several physiochemical factors that determine the suitability of starch for a specific end use, which mainly entails the ratios of the AMY and AP, but also the granular and molecular structure thereof. This, in turn, determines its functional properties, i.e. swelling, gelatinisation, pasting and retrogradation. Different instruments, such as the Amylograph®, Falling Number® System, Ottawa Starch Viscometer and the Consistometer, in addition to the more recently developed Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) are used to study the functional properties of starch. Due to its reliability, repeatability and versatility, the RVA is increasingly used to determine the physiochemical and, in particular, the pasting properties of cereal starches. This review gives an update on the current knowledge of starch-related physiochemical and functional properties of a selection of cereal (i.e. wheat, barley, rice and maize) starches, and the RVA as a measuring instrument thereof, including critical analysis and discussion.

Laboratory x-ray micro–computed tomography (micro-CT) is a fast-growing method in scientific research applications that allows for non-destructive imaging of morphological structures. This paper provides an easily operated “how to” guide for new potential users and describes the various steps required for successful planning of research projects that involve micro-CT. Background information on micro-CT is provided, followed by relevant setup, scanning, reconstructing, and visualization methods and considerations. Throughout the guide, a Jackson's chameleon specimen, which was scanned at different settings, is used as an interactive example. The ultimate aim of this paper is make new users familiar with the concepts and applications of micro-CT in an attempt to promote its use in future scientific studies.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract