Introduction. The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is strongly linked to oxidative stress mainly caused by chronic hyperglycaemia. The present study investigates the association between hyperglycaemia with oxidative stress markers, antioxidants and lipid profile. Materials and methods. The case-control study involved two groups, T2DM patients (n = 83) and age and sex matched controls (n = 81). Serum levels of various molecular markers malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid parameters total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured using spectrophotometric assays. Results were analysed to compare and correlate glycaemic levels with these molecular markers. Results. T2DM patients had a higher body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. 2 hour blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin A 1c % (HbA 1c), total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL were higher in diabetics, HDL was found to be lower in diabetics than in controls. Mean levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants SOD, CAT, GSH, vitamin C and TAC were significantly lower while oxidative stress markers NO, ROS and MDA were higher in T2DM patients. NO showed a positive correlation (r = 0.3993, p < 0.0001) whereas TAC showed a negative correlation with glycaemia (r =-0.4796, p < 0.0001). Conclusions. Poor glycaemic control in T2DM causes elevated ROS and NO levels with increased lipid peroxidation and lowered antioxidant capacity. MDA and NO being the major risk factors could be used as a parameter along with antioxidants to assess oxidative stress in T2DM patients.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is second on the ranking of most common infection in community practice. It leads to significant morbidity and a high economic burden for treatment. Klebsiella pneumoniae accounts for 2 nd highest organism isolated from urine samples of UTI patients after Escherichia coli. The management of UTI is complicated by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumonia. Therefore, knowledge of the antibiotic resistance patterns of the pathogen is important not only to provide an appropriate therapy, but also for the prevention of resistance amongst the microbe. OBJECTIVEThe present study was therefore undertaken to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella pneumonia causing UTI in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODSThe details of Klebsiella pneumonia grown in urine samples received in the Department of Microbiology, MOSC Medical College, were collected from the laboratory registers. These urine samples were then processed using standard methods and antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. RESULTDuring the period of 4 months, 35 urine samples yielding Klebsiella pneumonia were processed. These strains showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin, around 70-85% resistance to first, second and third generation Cephalosporins. They showed maximum sensitivity to Imipenem (74.3%), followed by Colistin (77%), Amikacin (65.7%), Meropenem (65.7%) and Piperacillin-Tazobactam (65.7%). CONCLUSIONIn our study, the high rate of resistance to routinely prescribed drugs like Co-trimoxazole, Norfloxacin and Nitrofurantoin could be attributed to the frequent use of these antibiotics. Carbapenems (Imipenem or Meropenem) and Amikacin should be considered as reserved drugs, especially for nosocomial infections.
Background India rolled out the world's largest vaccination program on January 16, 2021, marking the beginning of an effort to vaccinate a population of 1.3 billion against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. However, the hesitancy toward safe and effective vaccine against severe infection is a major global health threat. Hence, public acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine would be an essential deterrent to the pandemic control. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional online study was conducted among the Indians from January 1 to January 31, 2021. The online questionnaire addressed several variables, including the sociodemographic parameters, COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, and concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccine. Results Out of total 450 participants, majority of them (97.1) were aware about the COVID-19 vaccination drive. Only 66.2% showed their willingness to accept vaccination, 26.0% were still indecisive, and 7.8% did not want to accept it. Conclusion Despite numerous efforts by various scientific organizations, public health experts, and media outlets, to educate the general population about the COVID-19 vaccine, significant portion of the Indian population may experience vaccine hesitancy, which poses dangers to both the individual and their community. Therefore, we must target these potential candidates, who are indecisive, for intervention to increase vaccine acceptance across the country. In this regard, large-scale study is required to understand the knowledge, expectation, and apprehension covering various economic and occupational strata of the society.
Vaccination against the COVID 19 virus is the most effective way to prevent infection and save lives. It is estimated that 285 million doses per month will be needed over the next five months to vaccinate all remaining adults by the end of 2021. To accelerate the vaccination coverage for its population, the state of Uttar Pradesh, North India, has planned a cluster approach to vaccination in rural areas. The cluster strategy is a micro-plan for vaccination by the government of U.P involving intensive mobilisation activities followed by vaccination at centres set up in schools, Panchayat Bhavans and other selected places. It is a people-centred and comprehensive approach, modelled on listening to the intended beneficiaries and stakeholders is vital. It will reduce expenses related to travel and loss of wages for those missing work while travelling far to get vaccinated. The cluster approach is also along the lines of the Near to Home COVID Vaccination Centres (NHCVC) for Elderly and Differently Abled Citizens. The main fear of the health workers regarding the cluster approach is concerning adverse events and their management at the peripheral level. This strategy is only practically possible if an adequate supply of vaccines is available. The cluster approach to vaccination ensures accessibility, includes community participation and is provided free of cost. This is thus in line with the concept of Primary Health Care (PHC) which is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost the community and country can afford. Popularising this strategy and applying it to other states in a tailored manner based on social and cultural practices can give the nation the necessary momentum to attain the target of herd immunity quickly and curb the COVID-19 pandemic.
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