The current research was aimed to investigate the moderating role of positive and negative emotions between the relationship of PsyCap and subjective well-being (SWB) among adolescents. Sample was comprised 616 school adolescents of rural and urban areas. Urdu version of Trait Well-being Inventory by Fatima (2004) and PANAS (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) were used to measure the constructs, whereas PsyCap scale for adolescents was used to measure PsyCap (Afzal, 2013). Moderated hierarchical regression analysis depicted that low level negative emotions moderated the relationship of self-efficacy, hope and optimism with SWB. Further results of study also illustrated that high level of positive emotions strengthen the relationship between hope and SWB, whereas positive emotions did not yield significant moderating role in relationships between the optimism and self-efficacy with SWB.
Livestock is one of the fastest-growing sectors, especially in emerging economies, to meet the projected demand for protein for the growing population. Livestock’s role is beyond its contribution to meat and milk. It affects food security in multiple ways. The current study is designed to assess the food security status of households having livestock and the caloric contribution of livestock in the consumption profile of households. For this purpose, a sample of 456 households was collected from three districts (152 from each Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, and Rawalpindi) of Punjab, representing the southern, central, and northern regions of the province. The calorie intake of households is assessed by studying the consumption profile and evaluation of generated energy in terms of calories to assess food security. The contribution of livestock is estimated from cumulative energy generated in the form of calories from the consumption of livestock products. Data analysis reflects that 59% of Bahawalpur households are food secure compared to Faisalabad, where 63% of households are food insecure. Similarly, Rawalpindi has 60% of households with food security status. The households with livestock and whose women participate in livestock activities extract 20% of their nutrition from animal sources in Bahawalpur, 20% in Faisalabad, and 30% in Rawalpindi. The overall food security situation can be improved by increasing the share of livestock products in the household’s consumption profile.
Livestock is adopted and managed extensively in rural and peri-urban areas of different countries as a source of livelihood and to fulfill a family's nutritional requirements. Its management is a full-time job for performing special activities requiring the involvement of both men and women. Women’s role is very important, especially in small-scale production to generate family income and cater the nutritional needs. The current study aims to analyse the role of women in livestock production. For this purpose, a sample of 456 respondents was collected from Punjab's northern, central, and southern regions. Multiple regression analysis is used to assess the impact of women's participation on livestock income. The assessment shows that overall women's participation in livestock production activities was greater compared to men in all regions of Punjab except marketing. Similarly, women’s age, livestock ownerships, participation in livestock activities, access to input markets, and women’s education are the factors that have a positive and significant impact on livestock income. Women's participation can be much more productive by increasing women's empowerment in resources like livestock ownership, access to easy credit and opportunities like market access, access to non-farm income opportunities, and access to training and information.
Gender stereotyping is an age old phenomenon used by patriarchal societies to maintain the hegemony of men over women. In this connection, literature serves as a powerful tool that the male society uses to promote sexism by representing woman as inferior Other of man. This research employs Mill’s feminist stylistic framework to determine how male and female authors differ in representations of women in their works. For this purpose, feminist stylistic analysis of Mueenuddin’s (2009) ‘Saleema’ and Shahraz’s (1998) ‘Zamindar’s Wife’ has been undertaken. Using qualitative method, the analysis has been done on the phrase/sentence level by adopting purposive sampling technique. The results indicate that sexism and gender bias against women dominate in Mueenuddin’s writing who has tried to maintain the male status quo unchallenged. In comparison, Shahraz has portrayed an unconventional and bold female character, yet her writing, too, is not totally free from gender stereotypes because escape from ‘internalized patriarchy’ is not easy. The study is significant as it validates and reinforces the previous studies that intervene on behalf of women by exposing and fighting the sexist attitude present against them in literary works. Future researchers can investigate the same data by analysing the text at the discourse level as proposed by Mills to further explore the issue.
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